In the conditions of active Bashkir-Russian bilingualism, a large number of code switches from Bashkir to Russian are recorded in the speech of the Bashkirs. In this article, code switches are studied from the position of the sociolinguistic direction, taking into account the external factors of their occurrence. The material for the analysis was the field notes of the authors, collected during expeditions to the settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main method of the study is the linguastatistical method used to ensure the reliability of the findings. The selection of examples for analysis was carried out using the continuous sampling method. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time in Bashkir linguistics an attempt is made to describe code switches taking into account the socio-demographic parameters of the informants. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of age and gender characteristics on the frequency of code switches. The authors conclude that the switching of language codes is characteristic of the speech of all age and gender groups, but the frequency of their use is not identical.

The article is devoted to the study of the names of national clothes of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region, which act as lexical ethnomarkers of traditional culture. The study of the names for designating certain elements of traditional clothing allows us to identify the diversity and richness of both linguistic markers and cultural codes of peoples that make up a single linguogeographic community. The analysis of the material is based on two main methods of studying ethnographic vocabulary: ethnolinguistic, which consists in describing names in direct connection with the culture of the people, and linguogeographic, considering linguistic phenomena in connection with the territorial correlation of languages. The study of the national costume of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga ethnographic region – Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs – made it possible to note the presence of a significant number of common features. Nevertheless, the costume of each of the above-mentioned peoples is unique. It reflects the centuries-old culture and customs of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric ethnic groups inhabiting the Ural-Volga region. The originality and uniqueness of clothing elements is especially evident in the variety of headdresses, shoes, jewelry and decorations created by each of these peoples in accordance with the natural and climatic conditions, economic structure, as well as the worldview and aesthetic taste of these peoples.

The classification of the Northwestern dialect of the Mari language, spoken by communities in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions of the Russian Federation, as well as in the Kilemarsky and Medvedevsky districts of the Republic of Mari El, has long been a subject of academic debate. In this article we present the comparison of the first Gospel written in the Mari language with the Meadow and Hill Mari languages from a morphological perspective. As result we have one isogloss without doublets (PL) that aligns the Gospel with Meadow Mari, and two isoglosses with doublets (IMP.2PL, NEG.PRET), the quantity of which indicates a predominance of Meadow features. Therefore, the analysis of morphological characteristics confirms the data from the graphs and glottochronology, demonstrating that the Northwestern dialect was originally closer to Meadow Mari. However, over time, it acquired features of Hill Mari, thus belonging to the "western" Mari dialects according to G. Bereczki's terminology. This aligns completely with the results obtained from the analysis of the graphs of the first books. Interestingly, the changes in morphology occurred somewhat later. While the [Gospel 1821] already practically coincided with Hill Mari in terms of graphic representation, it was still closer to Meadow Mari in terms of morphology.

The article considers the functioning of foreign-language pharmacophytonyms in the Bashkir language. The material for the study is dictionaries, as well as materials from the database of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language (hereinafter referred to as the MFBL) and the oral subcorpus of the Bashkir language mass media, developed by the staff of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies (now the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology) of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The information system of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language consists of 7 large databases, which form sub-funds of a single fund: sub-fund of the general card index; lexicographic sub-fund; grammatical sub-fund; sub-fund of the catalog of handwritten books; sub-fund of the catalog of early printed books; experimental-phonetic sub-fund; dialectological sub-fund and 3 corpus projects: a corpus of prose, a corpus of journalism and a corpus of folklore. The object of the study was foreign names of medicinal plants in the Bashkir language. The purpose of this article is to describe the borrowed words that are included in the pharmacophytonyms in the Bashkir language. The availability of wide access to dialect materials is a factor in preserving the native language in the context of globalization of modern society.

In recent decades, majority of governments in Europe, especially those in European union have framed migration from Africa to Europe as a critical security matter. This study aims to analyze how securitization of migration affects the lived experiences of African migrants in Europe using evidence from media. Specifically, the study will examine the Impact of Securitization on Xenophobia and Discrimination by examining how securitization policies have affected the general outlook of host communities towards African migrants which in turn fans xenophobic and discriminatory attitudes. This study employed a qualitative research design using secondary data from both mainstream media and social media. The securitization of migration has significantly bolstered xenophobic sentiments toward African migrants in Europe. Portraying African migrants in media narratives as threats to security and using criminal laws to manage and control them results to locals taking to social media with negative stereotypes leading to hostility. As a result, migrants are now subject to higher degrees of prejudice and exclusion. The study recommends that, European governments working closely with NGOs such as UNHCR should consider launching campaigns to counter common beliefs about African migrants such as migrants being excessively dependent on welfare systems and taking their jobs. Awareness campaigns that have data evidence to clarify these false claims and demonstrate the positive implications of migrants should be done consistently.

This research explores the effects of adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on three federal tertiary institutions in Lagos State. A survey approach was utilized, with data collected through questionnaires specifically designed for this study. The study's population comprised staff from the Bursary, Audit departments, and lecturers in the Accounting departments of the following institutions: University of Lagos (UNILAG), Yaba College of Technology (YCT), and Federal College of Education (Technical) (FCE). A sample of 200 staff members was selected, including 75 from UNILAG, 75 from YCT, and 50 from FCE, to whom 200 questionnaire items were administered. The purposive sampling technique was applied to ensure that the selected respondents were those with relevant experience and knowledge. In the second phase of data collection, researchers consulted with key officials from the three institutions to evaluate their progress in fully implementing the IPSAS accrual accounting framework. The growing economic connections with international partners, along with a push for best practices globally, has driven the necessity for countries to adopt modified accrual-basis IPSAS. The findings from this study indicate that the adoption of IPSAS has significantly enhanced the reliability and credibility of financial accounting information within the Nigerian public sector. Consequently, the study recommends that the Federal Government establish necessary legislative and institutional frameworks to create a supportive environment for IPSAS adoption. Additionally, it is crucial to impose strict penalties on organizations that fail to comply with these standards.

The frequency and intensity of climate variables as indicators of climate risks are increasingly recognized as a global crisis with a significant impact on the agricultural sector and gender. The objective of this study is to analyze the vulnerability of actors in the pineapple production value chain, by gender, to climate variability and risks on the Allada plateau, in order to propose adaptation and resilience strategies for sustainable production in order to include women in climate risk mitigation measures. The methodological approach based on the choice of indicators was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from three, six and eight indicators of the three vulnerability components of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The data obtained were subjected to linear normalization, calculation of unweighted vulnerability index and descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the actors of the pineapple production chain, whether men or women, are vulnerable to climate variability and risks on the Allada plateau, but female production actors are more vulnerable (0.30) than their male counterparts with an index of (0.26). The high vulnerability observed among production actresses is due to their degree of exposure (0.66) against (0.55) for men and their high sensitivity to climate risks (0.56) against (0.54) for men, as well as their low adaptation capacities (0.55) against (0.57) for men.

This study, titled “The Aesthetics of the Poetic Image and Musical Structure in the Collection, Wild Horses” by Jamal Assadi, examines the unique use of poetic imagery and its prominent aesthetic manifestations in his poetry. The aim is to explore Assadi's poetic craft and his skillful employment of language and imagery across multiple levels, reflecting both his human experiences and creative vision. Additionally, the study examines the effects of these elements on readers, emphasizing the role of phonetic and linguistic structures as foundational to the musical framework of his poetry, while also enhancing the poetic image and its functions within his work. The research highlights Assadi's ability to merge traditional and modern poetic forms, creating a distinctive voice within contemporary Arabic literature. Further, it reveals the artistic, linguistic, and semantic system that characterizes his poetic expression and artistic journey.

Abstract: With specific a focus on managing academics and examinations, young lecturers often face unique obstacles due to their relative inexperience and the dynamic nature of academic environments. This article explores some key challenges young lecturers face in managing their university responsibilities and evaluates how management affects staff participation. Quality assurance implementation correlates job satisfaction and young lecturers (employees') performance in academics and examination management. The emphasis on quality assurance policy implementation in universities requires participation in instruction, research and community outreach. The existing collected data has been utilized to provide empirical evidence. The article draws some data from the previous “PhD data set” from the approved study of reference UNCST ref SS-4248 where a total of 183 research participants were enrolled for the study. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Teaching requires preparations of teaching materials, daily research to update teaching materials, tests and quizzes, preparation of examinations, marking guides, and providing security to the examinations. At times, teaching, research and community outreach have been regarded as a heavy workload. The 40 hours for workload management, balancing teaching, research responsibilities and navigating the examination processes amid challenges of unmet benefits calls for quality assurance directorate intervention (IUCEA, 2010a). While full-time employees take 40 hours per week, several universities do not mutually compensate employees. Reciprocity in several Ugandan universities is lacking hence oscillation between several young universities in the country is associated with low salaries and insufficient incentives. The young lecturers include; early-career academics, newly appointed faculty members, junior faculty members, and postdoctoral researchers.

Abstract: The design and configuration of educational spaces play a crucial role in influencing psychological well-being and the overall learning experience. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), physical learning environments must adhere to specific standards that promote the well-being, accessibility, health, and safety of users. This paper explores the significance of inclusive educational spaces, drawing on the biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to address the diverse needs of all students. Collaboration among education professionals, architects, and designers is essential to create environments that foster interaction, creativity, and active learning. By implementing innovative pedagogical models and involving students in the design process, educational institutions can enhance the adaptability and effectiveness of learning environments. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the importance of considering various factors, such as students' learning styles and cultural contexts, to create flexible and stimulating spaces that support diverse teaching activities. Ultimately, this research highlights the need for strategic approaches to transform traditional classrooms into dynamic learning centers that prioritize student well-being and success.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the habit of reading the Qur'an at Al-Qalam Malang University (UQM) in enhancing religious education. The background of this research is the importance of character building and strengthening students' spirituality through the habituation of reading the Qur'an in an academic environment. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with UNIQ students and observation of Qur'an reading activities. The collected data are analyzed qualitatively to explore the relationship between the habit of reading the Qur'an and the understanding and implementation of religious values in students' daily lives. The results show that the habit of reading the Qur'an at UQM positively contributes to strengthening students' understanding and application of religious values, thereby supporting the improvement of religious education in the university environment. Additionally, the study found that students who regularly read the Qur'an tend to have better attitudes in facing various challenges and conflicts in their daily lives. They are also more capable of guarding themselves against temptations and negative behaviors that contradict religious teachings. This indicates that the habit of reading the Qur'an not only impacts the understanding of religious values but also influences individual character and morality. Therefore, efforts to enhance Qur'an reading activities in the university environment should continue to be encouraged to shape a more religious and morally upright young generation. By fostering a more religious and virtuous young generation through the habit of reading the Qur'an, it is hoped that society will become more harmonious and peaceful. Furthermore, individuals who are diligent in reading the Qur'an also tend to be more patient and wise in facing life's trials. Thus, it is important for each individual to continuously enrich themselves by reading the Qur'an to become better individuals who are beneficial to others.

Adoption of customary international law has been increasing in recent years, paralleling the incorporation of human rights concepts into the legal systems of various states. These changes have happened at the same time. Because of this, the legal systems all around the world have undergone substantial modifications. The right to exist, the right to freedom, and the prohibition of torture are fundamental elements of international human rights law that have been recognized by legal systems in Bangladesh and other countries, even though the "universality" of these rights is still debatable. International human rights treaties may be seen by national courts as more "inspiring" or "persuasive" than strictly compulsory in nations with dualist legal systems, like Bangladesh. Case by case, international law is becoming an increasingly important factor in judicial decisions. Examining this trend in the context of Bangladesh, this study assesses the current state of judicial reception of international human rights legislation (IHRL) in case law. It delves into the views that have impacted the domestic application of international law, the role of international law under Bangladesh's constitution, and the conservative and progressive judicial viewpoints on the matter. The goal of this project is to look at how international human rights standards have evolved and how they affect Bangladeshi law.

This study investigated the effects of inquiry strategy on upper basic II students’ problem-solving skills and achievement in Social Studies in Darazo Bauchi State. It also examined the interactive effect of inquiry strategy on gender. Quasi- experimental design of pre-test and post-test was adopted for the study. Two schools were randomly selected and the sample consisted of 84 upper basic II students comprising 48 males and 36 females from the two sampled schools. One of the two schools was designated experimental group and the other the control group through simple random sampling. Data were collected using Social Studies Problem-Solving Questionnaire (SSPSQ) and Social Studies Achievement Test (SOSAT). The SSPSQ consisted two sections A and B, section A consisted of respondents personal information and section B, consisted of 50 questionnaire items. SOSAT consisted of two sections. Section A consisted of particulars of respondents, section B consisted of 30 achievements test items. Construct validity was used to established the validity of SSPSQ and reliability was estimated using test-retest technique. SOSAT validity was ascertained by subjecting it to expert scrutiny and reliability was estimated using Cronbach Alpha. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study, mean and standard deviation were used to answer all research questions while ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that using inquiry strategy in teaching Social Studies significantly improved student’s problem-solving skills and achievement. It also found that no significant difference between the mean achievement scores of male and female students taught Social Studies using inquiry strategy. It is therefore recommended that Social Studies teachers should be trained on the use of inquiry strategy and also encouraged to embrace the use of inquiry strategy so as to improve problem-solving skills and achievement of students in Social Studies.

Farming, food safety, and sustainable agriculture are trivial aspects in Africa that play significant roles to guarantee food security, public health, and environmental preservation. This paper aims at uncovering the challenges, limitations, and opportunities connected to farming, food safety, and sustainability in Africa. It highlights the interconnectedness of these issues and portrays the necessity for holistic approaches to be adopted as effective remedial solutions. I reveal that, farming in Africa ranges from small scale subsistence farming to larger commercial activities. Though agriculture is a vital source of income and employment for many Africans, significant setbacks like climatic mutations, soil degradation, limited access to natural and human resources, foodborne diseases, contamination, poor hygiene, limited storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, technology, etc., hinder development, productivity, and sustainability in most regions. I conclude by stating that, food safety concerns require multifaceted approaches and collective efforts from farmers, governments, consumers and other stakeholders charged with monitoring, strengthening, regulating, enhancing, and improving food handling practices. Environmental conservation can be ensured through sustainable agricultural practices such as, agroforestry, organic farming, conservation agriculture, and agro ecological principles expected to enhance productivity, biodiversity, improve soil health, limit the use of chemicals, and conserve water.

This study explores the effectiveness of mindful drawing as an intervention for alleviating depressive symptoms. Depression is a widespread mental health issue that significantly impacts individuals' quality of life. Current treatment methods, including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, have limitations in terms of side effects and accessibility. Mindful drawing, which combines mindfulness practice with artistic creation, may offer a promising non-invasive, low-cost alternative. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the impact of mindful drawing on depressive symptoms, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Results are anticipated to show significant reductions in depressive symptoms and improvements in emotional regulation and overall mental health in the intervention group compared to the control group. These findings could provide valuable evidence supporting the use of mindful drawing as an adjunctive treatment for depression, especially for individuals resistant to traditional therapies.

This paper explores the profound implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in contemporary art, focusing on its application to creative processes, copyright issues, and cultural impact. AI has not only transformed traditional methods of artistic creation but also challenged conventional understandings of "creativity" and "originality." The study examines the collaborative dynamics between artists and AI, unveiling new paradigms of human-machine interaction that shape the perception and reception of AI-generated art. Through systematic analysis, the paper reveals the expanded boundaries of artistic innovation and the public's evolving acceptance of AI in art within an ever-changing cultural context. Furthermore, this research redefines the essence of art in the AI era, offering guidance for future academic inquiry and practical endeavors. By delving into the dynamics of human-machine collaboration, the study paves the way for deeper integration between art and technology.

While depression is often a major psychological dilemma and difficulty, for some individuals, they are not depressed, but are experiencing a number of adjustment issues, and have a wide variety of other issues and concerns. This paper will explore some adjacent domains and offer some realms for parents, counselors, teachers and others to explore and consider.

Interpersonal relations have always been challenging, but in this Post Covid era, increasingly so. This paper will offer glimpses into some individuals and the increasing complexity of the issues we may face dealing with difficult situations in the interpersonal realm.

Upon the legalization of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, interfaith marriage is no longer applicable in Indonesia since marriage validity shall based on religious law. Most of those who are not able to perform an interfaith marriage in Indonesia get married overseas, despite it may be categorized as a form of legal smuggling as avoiding laws that supposedly apply to them. This study used conceptual, statutory, comparative, and philosophical approaches. Legal materials composed of normative primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were used in this study in such a way as observation, collection, and literature review as well as document, whether conventionally or via the internet. The results of this study suggested that interfaith marriage performed overseas by Indonesian Citizens is included as legal smuggling, and the legal certainty of law smuggling for interfaith marriage between Indonesian Citizens performed abroad only meets formal requirements which shall be valid under the law of the state where it is performed and does not meet material requirements namely Indonesian marriage laws in virtue of religious law.

The article studies Bashkir dialect materials in the works of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. These materials act as comparative materials on Bashkir dialectology. The study of this topic identifies the diversity and richness of the Bashkir language and its dialects. The article analyzes the linguistic features of the works of A. G. Bessonov, V. Katarinsky, M. Bekchurin and others. Phonetic, morphological and lexical features of the texts of monuments of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th centuries are considered in comparison with the data of modern dialects and the literary Bashkir language.

Growing concern for the rapid environmental disruption paved way for a new theory called Ecocriticism at the end of twentieth century. The theory has been employed to analyze literary texts in relation to the physical environmental and its disintegration. With degradation of the environment, tribal people are also subjugated as the colonial powers take charge in the respective novels. The chosen novels, Things Fall Apart and When the Kurinji Blooms relate man’s interaction with surrounding environment and its importance in tribal community. The African novel and Tamil novel present harmonious communal lifestyles that are disrupted deeply paving way for severe damage. Tribal community of Africa and Tamil are living in lieu with environment but they are overpowered by British rule. Both the novels portray the essentiality of natural milieu where they are destroyed with the progress induced by the foreign administration. With increasing changes, novelists establish disintegration of underprivileged people along with nature sharing the commonality of environmental crisis. By comparing the novels, suppression of tribal people and environment is presented through ecocritical analysis.

This article delves into the intricate process of poetry translation, using examples from German and Albanian poems to shed light on the challenges posed by linguistic and cultural divergences. Various translation models are analyzed, with an emphasis on categorizing translation approaches and their applicability to poetic discourse. The study emphasizes that translating poetry requires a nuanced approach, highlighting the translator's critical role in preserving the essence and rhythm of the original text while adapting it to the cultural and linguistic nuances of the target language. Special attention is given to the contributions of Joachim Rom and Robert Schwarz in transferring poetic meaning into the German language, demonstrating how translators navigate the delicate balance between fidelity to the original and adaptation to the audience's expectations.

The historical treatment of evidence in criminal proceedings is an essential study for understanding the evolution of criminal justice systems and the legal changes related to the collection and evaluation of evidence. Over the centuries, the concept of evidence has gone through various phases, reflecting the philosophy, culture, and societal structures of the respective periods. From the early practices of using evidence such as torture and arbitrarily collected data, to the development of contemporary rules and standards for collecting and evaluating evidence, the criminal process has undergone profound transformation. This historical treatment offers important insights into the relationship between principles of justice, human rights, and judicial practices that have shaped modern justice. Evidence and procedures for collecting it have become more structured, grounded in fundamental individual rights, considering the accused's liberty, dignity, and equality. This study also examines the impact of legal and philosophical developments on how evidence has been used to ensure a fair judicial process. The key theme of "The Historical Treatment of Evidence in Criminal Proceedings" focuses on the evolution of the use and evaluation of evidence in criminal trials, as well as the changes that have occurred over time in relation to legal norms and judicial practices. This key theme may include the following core aspects: 1. Evolution of the Concept of Evidence: How has its meaning and usage changed over different historical periods in criminal proceedings? 2. Changes in Methods of Collecting and Evaluating Evidence: Have the techniques and tools for collecting evidence evolved from arbitrary methods (such as torture) to more structured and fair practice 3. Advancements in Human Rights Protection: How has the development of human rights impacted the treatment of evidence and the protection of the accused in criminal proceedings? 4. Legal Reform: Have reforms contributed to the creation of standards for the collection and use of evidence in a modern justice system?

The importance of evidence in criminal proceedings is fundamental for the functioning of criminal justice and for ensuring a fair and impartial trial. Evidence is the key element that supports charges and protects the rights of the accused, ensuring that judicial decisions are based on facts rather than doubts. This abstract discusses the role of evidence in criminal proceedings, emphasizing that it is necessary to confirm or dismiss the guilt of individuals accused of crimes and to protect their rights, including the right to a fair trial. It also highlights the importance of collecting and using evidence in accordance with the law and international norms, prohibiting the use of illegal or coerced evidence. Additionally, the study explores the impact of criminal justice principles such as fairness, transparency, and equality in the handling and evaluation of evidence, and the consequences of misusing evidence. The key focus of the topic "The Importance of Evidence in Criminal Proceedings" includes key aspects related to the role and function of evidence in ensuring criminal justice. The focus of this theme includes: 1. Support for Judicial Decisions: Evidence is the foundation on which every judicial decision in criminal proceedings is based. It helps the court determine whether a person is guilty or innocent. 2. Determining Guilt or Innocence: The importance of evidence is evident in how it helps establish the guilt or innocence of the accused, given that every accusation must be supported by clear and credible evidence. 3. Protection of the Rights of the Accused: Evidence must be collected and used in accordance with the law to ensure that the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial, are not violated during the judicial process. 4. Legal Standards for Evidence: The use of illegal evidence or evidence obtained through violations of human rights is a risk that can undermine the integrity of the criminal process and lead to miscarriages of justice. 5. Equality and Judicial Awareness: The key importance of evidence is also to ensure a fair and impartial process, where all evidence is treated equally and with respect for legal norms and principles. This thematic key emphasizes the importance of evidence in ensuring a fair criminal process, transparency, and integrity in the justice system.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept in which physical objects such as electronic devices, vehicles, and household appliances are equipped with technology that allows them to connect and exchange data over the internet. Data privacy refers to the right of individuals to control their personal information and ensure that it is not misused or accessed without their consent. In the context of IoT, connected devices continuously collect various personal data from users, such as location, habits, and preferences, which can threaten individual privacy if not properly regulated. In Indonesia, the urgency for appropriate regulations related to data privacy protection in the IoT context is crucial. With the rapid growth of IoT in Indonesia, data privacy protection has become increasingly relevant. Clear and robust regulations are needed to ensure that personal data collected by IoT devices is well protected, preventing misuse and privacy violations. This requires comprehensive legal efforts to address these challenges and safeguard individual privacy rights in the IoT era. This study specifically examines the impact of IoT on users from the perspective of Indonesian law. The research employs a literature study method, reviewing relevant laws and regulations, as well as various scientific articles and books as relevant sources.

Digital technology continues to advance rapidly, and without appropriate preservation efforts, cultural heritage may be at risk of being forgotten or deteriorated in the digital era. In the absence of adequate protection strategies, cultural heritage faces potential exploitation through unethical use or misuse for commercial purposes. Ensuring equitable and inclusive access to cultural heritage via digital platforms is essential to support education, research, and broader cultural appreciation. This study seeks to understand recent developments in cultural heritage preservation within the context of digitalization and to evaluate the effectiveness of protection strategies implemented in legal practice at both national and international levels. Thus, this research aims to contribute to a richer understanding of the challenges and opportunities for preserving cultural heritage in the digital age, particularly through a legal lens. Employing a literature study with a normative legal approach, the research identifies effective legal frameworks for protecting cultural heritage, enabling in-depth analysis of existing frameworks, and provides insights into potential improvements needed to strengthen cultural heritage protection through legal means.

The Nyentana Nyelidihi marriage system in Balinese customary law society is a solution to preserve family lineage without any sons, but this system often places men in a legally and socially vulnerable position. This study analyzes the forms of legal protection that can be given to men in this system, especially through prenuptial agreements that regulate inheritance rights, asset distribution, and social status. An empirical approach is used to explore the practice of Nyentana Nyelidihi in Bali, especially in Tabanan Regency, with interviews and observations as the main methods. The findings show that the integration of customary law and modern law can create a better protection mechanism, providing guarantees of justice for men while maintaining Balinese customary values. This study emphasizes the importance of public awareness and government support in strengthening regulations that support gender equality and legal certainty in customary marriage.

Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman that is legally valid and often has a religious basis. In Indonesia, marriage is regulated in Law Number 16 of 2019 as an amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974, which defines marriage as a form of union to form an eternal and happy family. Marriage agreements, which are often used to regulate the separation of property, are starting to become widely used in Bali even though this concept clashes with Balinese customs which view marriage as a sacred relationship that unites two individuals as a whole. In Balinese customary law, marriage aims to maintain lineage in accordance with the kinship system, both patrilineal and matrilineal, so that agreements that limit property rights in marriage are often considered taboo. However, developments in the economic needs of society and efforts to legally protect individual assets in marriage encourage the implementation of this agreement, especially with the Constitutional Court decision which legalizes post-nuptial agreements. This article highlights the dilemma of accepting marriage agreements in Balinese traditional society and the need for adjustments that do not conflict with local customary values to achieve a balance between state law and local traditions.

The increasing national development, which is based on the economic sector, transforms potential economic power into real economic strength by utilizing available capital facilities as the main support for this development. This requires a substantial amount of funding. To finance and ensure its proper distribution, credit-based funds are an essential means of financing. In 1984, the Governor of Bali established a rural financial institution to eliminate the ijon system and improve the rural economy. The management and ownership of this financial institution were entrusted entirely to the respective traditional villages (desa adat). Since its inception, the financial institution known as Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) has grown significantly. The increasing number of traditional villages in Bali that own LPDs demonstrates this growth, and the community has gradually felt its benefits. However, there are still shortcomings in its operations, particularly regarding credit agreements and mortgage rights. This study aims to examine the legal position of LPD in relation to mortgage rights in the loan and savings process and to understand the legal strength of LPD in credit agreements. The method used in this research is normative with regulatory, case, historical, comparative, and contextual approaches. The findings are expected to contribute to civil law literacy and serve as a reference for regulations related to LPD.