The article is devoted to the study of the names of national clothes of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region, which act as lexical ethnomarkers of traditional culture. The study of the names for designating certain elements of traditional clothing allows us to identify the diversity and richness of both linguistic markers and cultural codes of peoples that make up a single linguogeographic community. The analysis of the material is based on two main methods of studying ethnographic vocabulary: ethnolinguistic, which consists in describing names in direct connection with the culture of the people, and linguogeographic, considering linguistic phenomena in connection with the territorial correlation of languages. The study of the national costume of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga ethnographic region – Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs – made it possible to note the presence of a significant number of common features. Nevertheless, the costume of each of the above-mentioned peoples is unique. It reflects the centuries-old culture and customs of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric ethnic groups inhabiting the Ural-Volga region. The originality and uniqueness of clothing elements is especially evident in the variety of headdresses, shoes, jewelry and decorations created by each of these peoples in accordance with the natural and climatic conditions, economic structure, as well as the worldview and aesthetic taste of these peoples.