The consumption of medicinal herbs in Nigeria has seen a notable surge in recent years due to their widespread availability, affordability, and the prevailing belief in the natural and non-toxic nature of herbal treatments.The objective of this research was to examine the potential toxicity of the dehydrated leaf extract derived from Costus afer Ker Gawl on the hepatic and renal systems of male albino Wistar rats. The research used a cohort of 20 male albino Wistar rats weighing between 100 and 170 grams. These rats were placed into four groups, each consisting of five individuals. Group A was provided with unrestricted access to conventional feed and water, and it was designated as the control group. Participants in Group B, C, and D were administered doses of 400, 700, and 1000mg/kg of an aqueous leaf extract derived from Costus afer, respectively. The medication was administered orally on a daily basis for a duration of twenty-one days. The animals were sedated with chloroform vapor and subsequently dissected twenty-four hours following the previous dosing. The kidneys were collected, measured, and preserved in a 10℃ formal saline solution for the purpose of histological examination. Serum preparation included the collection of blood by eye puncture in order to conduct histochemical investigations. The assessment of marker enzymes was conducted using the randox kit methodology. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of C. afer on the renal biomarkers urea and creatinine. Group D had substantially elevated serum levels of creatinine and urea (P≦0.05) compared to the control group A, as well as groups B and C. In the histological examination, it was shown that Group D of the kidney, which received a dosage of 1000mg/kg of an aqueous leaf extract, exhibited significant renal tissue damage characterized by necrosis, renal bleeding, loss of renal tissue, and deteriorated glomeruli. Costus afer was found to possess alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins, as indicated by the conclusion. High dosages of Costus afer may be renally toxic.The use of medicinal herbs in Nigeria has seen a notable surge in recent years due to their widespread availability, affordability, and the prevailing belief in the natural and non-toxic nature of herbal treatments.The objective of this research was to examine the potential toxicity of the dehydrated leaf extract derived from Costus afer Ker Gawl on the hepatic and renal systems of male albino Wistar rats. The research used a cohort of 20 male albino Wistar rats weighing between 100 and 170 grams. These rats were placed into four groups, each consisting of five individuals. Group A was provided with unrestricted access to conventional feed and water, and it was designated as the control group. Participants in Group B, C, and D were administered doses of 400, 700, and 1000mg/kg of an aqueous leaf extract derived from Costus afer, respectively. The medication was administered orally on a daily basis for a duration of twenty-one days. The animals were anesthetized with chloroform vapor and subsequently dissected twenty-four hours following the previous dosing. The kidneys were collected, measured, and preserved in a 10℃ formal saline solution for the purpose of histological examination. Serum preparation included the collection of blood by eye puncture in order to conduct histochemical investigations. The assessment of marker enzymes was conducted using the randox kit methodology. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of C. afer on the renal biomarkers urea and creatinine. Group D had substantially elevated serum levels of creatinine and urea (P≦0.05) compared to the control group A, as well as groups B and C. In the histological examination, it was shown that Group D of the kidney, which received a dosage of 1000mg/kg of an aqueous leaf extract, exhibited significant renal tissue damage characterized by necrosis, renal bleeding, loss of renal tissue, and deteriorated glomeruli. Costus afer was found to possess alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins, as indicated by the conclusion. High dosages of Costus afer may be renally toxic.

This study investigates the Differential Item Functioning (DIF) of the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) mathematics test based on gender and age among secondary school students. Mathematics proficiency is crucial for individual success and national development, yet disparities in test performance persist. Utilizing a quantitative approach, a stratified random sample of 50 students who took the WAEC mathematics test was analyzed. The study aimed to identify the presence and extent of DIF, analyze its impact on test scores, explore potential causes, and propose recommendations. Results indicate slight performance differences between genders and significant variances across age groups. While some test items exhibited bias favoring specific genders or age ranges, the magnitude of DIF indices was relatively small. Recommendations include regular item review, inclusive test design, advanced statistical analysis, educator training, policy reforms, student support, and further research. Implementing these recommendations can foster fairer and more valid educational assessments, ensuring equitable opportunities for all students.

PTPTN offers educational support in the form of ujrah or fee-based educational funding. A flat rate fee of 1% per annually was paid. The Asnaf face a significant challenge in financing their children's education at the Institution of Higher Learning. Furthermore, the offspring of asnaf belong to the impoverished and destitute demographic. Underprivileged students at the Institution of Higher Learning are eligible to receive educational aid from the zakat fund. Nevertheless, the provided finances remained inadequate, resulting in just a limited number of students being able to get it. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a more durable and tangible framework to provide financial support for the education of the Asnaf's children. One of the possible methods suggested is obtaining loans from zakat monies. Is it permissible to provide educational support in the form of a loan using zakat funds? What are the fundamental principles of Shariah governing educational assistance in the form of loans from the zakat fund? What are the suitable techniques for providing education loans to the Asnaf (indigent and destitute) in Malaysia using the zakat fund? It is stated that education loans funded by Qard al-hasan from zakat funds are permissible and can augment the revolving funds for educational finance derived from zakat. The data was evaluated using a qualitative exploratory research technique and collected through documentation methods. The discovery demonstrates that the alternative use of educational zakat aid has the capacity to emancipate the asnaf (impoverished individuals) from the cycle of destitution, enabling them to become contributors of zakat in the future.

The study aimed to explain the chemistry of groundwater and assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes for people living within and around the Domasi Irrigation Scheme. The dominance of cations in the Domasi Irrigation Scheme was in the order Na > Ca > Mg > K and that for anions was HCO3 > Cl > CO3 > SO4 >NO3 > F. The study revealed that the groundwater for the study area is predominantly of sodium-bicarbonate type due to weathering, cation exchange and other anthropogenic activities. The groundwater was generally suitable for drinking based on Malawi standards but with elevated levels of bicarbonates, sodium, chloride and total hardness. In the absence of a piped-treated water system in the area, there is a need to introduce water treatment technologies such as water softening. The groundwater in this area is suitable for irrigation purposes but with some caution to balance levels of magnesium and calcium with organic and inorganic fertilizers. The study advocates for the use of pumping technology to use groundwater for irrigation purposes during the dry season to maximize agricultural productivity. There is a need for a specific study to be done to look at the soil chemistry of the area so that more appropriate crops might be identified to diversify agriculture in this area. This will ensure proper and maximum utilization of both soil and groundwater for this agricultural area.

This research aims to analyze the influence of the availability of facilities and infrastructure on student learning motivation at SMA N 1 Parmaksian. The method used is a quantitative inferential statistical method. The population of this study consisted of 195 students at SMA Negeri 1 Parmaksian, with a sample of 66 people. Data was collected through a closed questionnaire with 42 statement items. The results of the research show that there is a positive and significant influence on the availability of facilities and infrastructure on student learning motivation at SMA Negeri 1 Parmaksian. This research uses two types of analysis requirements, namely the normality test and the linearity test. The test results show that there is a positive relationship between the variables X and Y with a value of rcount = 0.404 > ttable (α = 0.05, n = 66) 0.235. Apart from that, the significance test shows that there is a significant relationship between the variables The hypothesis was tested through a regression equation test which produced the equation ỳ = 41.957 + 0.475 and the regression coefficient of determination r2 = 0.163. Hypothesis testing with the F test shows Fcount > Ftable = 12.478 > 4.00.