To find out how growing media influence the growth and development of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)., an experiment was carried out at the University Orchard screen house at Bayero University in Kano. Both soil (river sand) and soilless (sawdust) growing media were used in the experiment. Four treatment levels of organic manure—T0 (0 kg), T2 (2 kg), T4 (4 kg), and T6 (6 kg) were applied to each experimental medium. Each treatment level was replicated four times. For approximately eight weeks, data were collected every two weeks on growth metrics such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches. Stem diameter, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were taken once in the tenth week of the experiment. The data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat (15th edition). Significant treatment means were compared using Tukey HSD at a 5% probability level. Significant differences were recorded under the same growth parameters, as were the non-significant differences existing between and within the soil media and soilless media. The overall result shows how the growth media influenced plant growth, as the soilless media (sawdust) favors early germination and seedling emergence, whereas the soil media (river sand) favors a steady increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight. It is recommended that soilless media (sawdust) is best for nursery preparation, while soil media (river sand) is good for plants’ growth after emergence. Therefore, sawdust might be suggested as a substrate for rapid germination of moringa seedlings; however, river sand should be substituted for sawdust in order to promote effective growth and the generation of dry matter.

Moringa oleifera is a genus of plants that play an important role in human health. Moringa oleifera includes a variety of nutrients, including vitamins, amino acids, minerals, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidants. To obtain these, do an extraction technique with the necessary demands and conditions. The study aim was to determine the total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidants (IC50) of Moringa leaf powder extract using first phytochemical screening. The extraction method is maceration with various solvents, and the phytochemical assays are carried out using the Folin Ciocalteu, quercetin standard, and DPPH methods. The results showed that the different solvents used had an effect on phytochemicals (TPC, TFC, and antioxidants). Macerated extraction of Moringa leaf powder with ethanol solvent produced 22.71 mg QE/g, 63.85 mg GAE/g, and an IC50 of 118.19 ppm (μg/L). The hexane solvent produced 31.23 mg QE/g of total flavonoids and 331.4 mg QE/g of total phenol, with an IC50 of 351.39 ppm (μg/l). The phytochemical extraction process is regulated by the extraction technique and solvent. The chemicals dissolved in the solvent reveal the polarity and type of substance suitable for the solvent. The extraction method works on the premise of "like dissolves like," producing extracts and bioactive components (phytochemicals) that are appropriate for the purpose.

Brucellosis is a neglected tropical food-borne zoonotic disease with a high prevalence in many developing countries and has a negative impact on both animal and human health. Pig brucellosis is emergent and neglected in Cameroon. However, there is a paucity of data at the national level and risk factors associated with the disease are not well known. A slaughterhouse study was conducted at three Municipal abattoirs in Yaounde to determine the seroprevalence, assess the risk practices and evaluate the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) by abattoir workers againts Brucella infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2020 to January 2021. Serum samples from 384 slaughtered pigs at three municipal abattoirs in Yaounde were collected and screened for anti-brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA test. Furthermore, 41 plausible exposed and vulnerable workers to brucellosis (4 veterinarians; 23 slaughteres and 15 butchers) were recruted to evaluate the perception about the usage of PPE, length of employment and their level of knowledge about zoonotic diseases. All collected data were statistical analysed using GraphPad Prism 8.1. Among the 384 serum sampled, 11(2.86%) and 23 (5.98%) were positive for Brucella infection to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (iELISA) respectively. Moreover, 10 (2.6%) sera were positive to both tests, 13 (3.38%) positive to ELISA but negative to RBPT. Only one serum (0.26%) was positive to RBPT but negative to ELISA. None of the abattoir workers used standard protective coveralls. The boots were principaly used by the slaughterers. In general, three quarter of respondents did not know brucellosis and they were not educated. This study showed that the prevalence of Brucella infection was low among slaughtered pigs in Yaounde abattoirs.