The improper disposal of synthetic dyes, particularly crystal violet, poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of effective remediation strategies. This study aimed to isolate and characterize mold species capable of degrading varying concentrations of crystal violet dye. Soil and cow dung samples were collected and processed for fungal isolation using serial dilution and pour plating techniques. Three fungal species were identified: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum. Morphological and microscopic analysis revealed distinct characteristics for each species, with A. niger exhibiting black, powdery colonies and biserrate conidial heads, A. flavus showing yellowish-green colonies with uniseriate columnar conidial heads, and F. oxysporum presenting whitish, velvety colonies with chlamydospores. The degradation potential of these isolates was evaluated at crystal violet concentrations of 0.001 %, 0.01 %, 0.1 %, and 1% over eight days. Results showed that A. niger exhibited the highest degradation efficiency, achieving 76% degradation at 0.01 % dye concentration by day eight. A. flavus demonstrated 80 % degradation at both 0.01 % and 0.001 % concentrations, while F. oxysporum showed a maximum degradation of 50 % at 1 % concentration. All isolates showed reduced degradation efficiency at higher dye concentrations, suggesting potential toxicity effects. The study highlights the potential of these fungal species, particularly A. niger and A. flavus, for bioremediation of crystal violet-contaminated environments. However, the challenges associated with high dye concentrations underscore the need for further research into optimizing fungal bioremediation processes, including the exploration of mixed fungal cultures and the effects of environmental parameters on degradation efficiency.

Modern land surveying and geoinformatics have shifted from localized terrestrial measurements to integrated, multi-platform geospatial data collection and computing methods. This research article explores the many roles of geospatial technologies, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). These technologies support sustainable socio-economic development and enhance environmental resilience. 

To assess these technical frameworks in real-world conditions, the study presents a dual-case analysis based on significant geological and hydrological challenges in Nigeria. First, we investigate geomorphological changes and ground subsidence in Lokpaukwu Town, Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia State. Here, extensive quarrying and tectonic shifts create structural vulnerabilities. Second, we analyze seasonal hydro-meteorological risks by mapping flood vulnerability across Benue State using satellite datasets and spatial overlay matrices. 

The findings show that merging high-resolution digital elevation models with spatial analytics can improve land-use planning precision by up to 40% compared to traditional systems. This provides crucial engineering data for developing sustainable infrastructure and reducing natural disaster impacts. In an interdisciplinary meta-analysis, this paper connects spatial data science with the socio-economic and cognitive contexts essential for global knowledge sharing. We assess how digital communication, multimodal learning tools, and effective storytelling help students learn domain-specific terminology. The study concludes with a framework that highlights the need for both high-precision engineering spatial models and clear communication strategies for knowledge sharing to achieve long-term sustainable development.

Swimming pools can act as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms when poorly maintained. This study assessed the microbiological and physicochemical quality of seven outdoor public swimming pools in Nnewi North, Anambra State, Nigeria, before use and after use by bathers on weekends, Saturdays and Sundays. Water samples were aseptically collected between September and November 2024 and analyzed using standard methods. Heterotrophic bacterial counts increased from 6.35 × 10⁴ CFU/ml before use to 6.51 × 10⁴ cfu/ml after use, while fungal counts ranged from 0–2.13 × 10⁵ cfu/mL before and 0–3.0 × 10⁵ cfu/mL after use. The mean±SD total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) before use (49.5714±21.8210) and after use (50.8571±22.4305), and the mean total heterotrophic fungal counts (THFC) before use (13.0476±11.7195) and after use (14.8571±13.5288) were considered statistically significant at p = 0.05. Bacterial isolates rose from 242 before use to 378 after use, with increased occurrence of Escherichia coli (11.9%), Enterobacter intermedius (11.1%), Citrobacter freundii (10.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.1%). Fungal isolates also increased from 40 before use to 70 after use, predominantly Penicillium (28.6%), Curvularia (24.3%), and Aspergillus (21.4) species. Most Probable Number (MPN) index/100 ml for total coliforms (<3–93 MPN/100 ml) and fecal coliforms (<3–12 MPN/100 ml) exceeded WHO/EPA limits after use. Mean±SD physicochemical parameters before and after use by bathers indicated deteriorating water quality of the swimming pools, with reduced pH (5.56±1.23–5.32±1.11), residual chlorine (0.59±0.82–0.52±0.739 mg/L), salinity (438.64±178.92–231.42±104.71), and calcium hardness (199.670±181.80–78.51±73.31 mg/L) alongside increased temperature (26.18±0.69–28.31±0.64°C), turbidity (9.91±04.58–14.83±2.47 NTU), nitrate (0.31±0.20–1.12±0.99 µg/L), alkalinity (92.83±60.75–160.00±81.86 mg/L), and ammonia (0.66±0.03–0.77±0.74 mg/L) after use by bathers. The mean physicochemical parameters before and after use by bathers were considered statistically significant at p = 0.05. Bacterial isolates showed high susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, while fungi exhibited notable antifungal resistance, particularly against fluconazole and griseofulvin. Most pools in this study failed to meet recommended standards, posing public health risks and highlighting the need for improved monitoring and maintenance.

The search for safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly anaesthetic agents has intensified due to increasing concerns regarding the use of synthetic chemicals in aquaculture. This study evaluated the anaesthetic efficacy of aqueous crude leaf extract of Erythrophleum suaveolens on juvenile Clarias gariepinus, with particular emphasis on induction and recovery times, behavioural responses, survival, water quality, and haematological changes. Healthy juveniles of C. gariepinus were randomly assigned to six treatments consisting of a control (0.00 g L⁻¹) and five concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract (2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00, and 6.00 g L⁻¹). Fish were observed for behavioural responses, induction time, recovery time, and survival, while water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and free carbon dioxide) and haematological indices were determined using standard laboratory procedures. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% level of significance.The results showed that dissolved oxygen and pH decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing extract concentration, whereas free carbon dioxide increased significantly. Water temperature remained relatively stable and did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. Induction time decreased progressively with increasing extract concentration, while recovery time increased from approximately 1 to 5 minutes. Behavioural responses, including reduced swimming activity, loss of equilibrium, and complete anaesthesia, were concentration dependent. The highest mortality (100%) was recorded at 2.00 g L⁻¹ under the experimental conditions because of prolonged induction time and extended exposure. Haematological analysis revealed significant changes (P < 0.05) in white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and platelet distribution width, whereas red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were not significantly affected.The study demonstrates that aqueous crude leaf extract of Erythrophleum suaveolens possesses anaesthetic properties capable of inducing anaesthesia in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. However, the observed mortality at lower concentrations indicates that careful optimisation of exposure time and dosage is necessary before practical application. Further studies involving phytochemical characterisation, toxicity evaluation, histopathological assessment, and residue analysis are recommended to establish the safety and suitability of the extract as a botanical anaesthetic for sustainable aquaculture.

This system extends Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) to two correlated assets with constant initial prices captures co-movement via correlation. Results show that common shocks create co-movement, while bank-specific components and ρ determine the degree of divergence and systemic risk. Existence and uniqueness of a strong solution is proved using multidimensional SDE theory, yielding explicit solutions for. The system is used to quantify diversification benefits and joint tail risk within the banking sector. This section models the joint future share price dynamics of Access Bank and First Bank using a 2-asset coupled GBM framework. Finally, we present graphical results which represent the behavior of the economic investments and discuss the effect of the relevant parameters.