Economic modernization in emerging economies is often framed in terms of technological upgrading, institutional reform, and global market integration. However, growing scholarship in development studies emphasizes that sustainable modernization requires a coherent normative foundation grounded in human dignity, social justice, and institutional legitimacy. This article examines the humanistic foundations of economic modernization in Vietnam through a qualitative policy and philosophical analysis. Drawing on human-centered development theory, capability approach literature, and institutional political economy, the study analyzes major national development strategies to assess the extent to which humanistic principles are embedded within modernization discourse. The findings indicate that Vietnamese economic modernization reflects substantial alignment with human-centered development frameworks, particularly in its emphasis on comprehensive human development, equity, and social responsibility. At the same time, tensions emerge between technocratic performance metrics and broader normative commitments, especially in the context of rapid digital transformation. The study conceptualizes humanism as a form of “normative infrastructure” that enhances institutional trust, social cohesion, and long-term economic resilience. By bridging development philosophy and policy analysis, this research contributes to debates on morally embedded modernization in the Global South and provides normative insights for balancing competitiveness with ethical sustainability in transitional economies.

India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world despite facing multiple global and domestic challenges over the last decade. This study provides a comprehensive descriptive analysis of India’s macroeconomic performance using secondary data from Economic Surveys covering the period 2017–18 to 2025–26. The study examines key indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, sectoral composition, employment trends, and external sector stability through tabular and graphical representation. The findings reveal that India’s economic growth has remained resilient, driven largely by domestic demand and the services sector. However, structural challenges persist in the form of low agricultural productivity, insufficient manufacturing growth, and employment generation issues. The study emphasizes the importance of policy reforms, human capital development, and technological advancement for sustaining long-term inclusive growth.

Vietnam and India rank among Asia's most dynamic emerging economies, each sustaining headline GDP growth rates above six percent in recent years. Yet beneath these macroeconomic achievements lies a persistent structural contradiction: the majority of workers in both countries remain in informal employment, while skills mismatches between educational outputs and labour market demands continue to widen. This paper examines how labour market informality and skills mismatch jointly constrain total factor productivity (TFP) and inclusive growth in Vietnam and India over the period 2015 - 2025. Situated within the structuralist and New Institutional Economics traditions, the study employs a comparative case study methodology combining secondary data analysis with institutional mapping. The findings reveal that both countries exhibit a "high-growth paradox" in which output expansion is driven predominantly by capital accumulation rather than efficiency gains, with informality and skills mismatch functioning as mutually reinforcing productivity drags. This paper contributes to the literature by providing the first systematic comparative analysis linking these three variables across Vietnam and India, and by deriving institutional policy lessons transferable across both contexts.

Accountability in regional financial management is the main foundation of effective and transparent governance. This study aims to examine the influence of effectiveness and efficiency ratios on financial reporting accountability in the central government during the 2012-2022 period. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The independent variable is financial performance, measured by effectiveness and efficiency ratios. The dependent variable is financial reporting accountability, measured by the auditor's opinion on the financial statements. The sample used in this study is the central government (the Government of the Republic of Indonesia). The data used are secondary. The information used is central government financial reports from 2012 to 2022. The results of this study provide evidence that effectiveness and efficiency ratios do not have a significant influence on central government financial reporting accountability. The government needs to promote accuracy, transparency, and efficiency in regional financial management and increase public trust in the government.