Economic modernization in emerging economies is often framed in terms of technological upgrading, institutional reform, and global market integration. However, growing scholarship in development studies emphasizes that sustainable modernization requires a coherent normative foundation grounded in human dignity, social justice, and institutional legitimacy. This article examines the humanistic foundations of economic modernization in Vietnam through a qualitative policy and philosophical analysis. Drawing on human-centered development theory, capability approach literature, and institutional political economy, the study analyzes major national development strategies to assess the extent to which humanistic principles are embedded within modernization discourse. The findings indicate that Vietnamese economic modernization reflects substantial alignment with human-centered development frameworks, particularly in its emphasis on comprehensive human development, equity, and social responsibility. At the same time, tensions emerge between technocratic performance metrics and broader normative commitments, especially in the context of rapid digital transformation. The study conceptualizes humanism as a form of “normative infrastructure” that enhances institutional trust, social cohesion, and long-term economic resilience. By bridging development philosophy and policy analysis, this research contributes to debates on morally embedded modernization in the Global South and provides normative insights for balancing competitiveness with ethical sustainability in transitional economies.