This study examines the key demographic, economic, and institutional factors that shape life insurance density in Macedonia. The aim is to identify the main drivers of insurance demand and assess how structural conditions influence long-term financial protection. The analysis uses annual time-series data for the period 2003–2024. Stationarity is tested using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller procedure. Long-run relationships are estimated with Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares to account for cointegration, endogeneity, and serial correlation.Life insurance density increases with income growth, urbanization, financial sector development, and political stability. Ageing also strengthens demand. Higher youth dependency and income inequality reduce insurance uptake. Inflation shows a positive association, reflecting precautionary behavior during periods of uncertainty. Institutional weaknesses, especially corruption, significantly limit market development.Policies that support income growth, strengthen financial inclusion, expand rural access to insurance services, and improve governance can accelerate life insurance market development. Reducing corruption and enhancing institutional trust remain essential for sustaining long-term participation in insurance schemes.

Indonesia’s banking sector continues to grow and plays a crucial role in supporting the national economy, particularly through the provision of financing for micro-businesses. However, empirical conditions at Bank BPR Jatim Kediri Branch Office indicate that the marketing strategy for micro-business financing products has not yet achieved optimal performance. This study aims to identify the marketing strategies currently implemented, determine an appropriate marketing strategy model to achieve financing targets, and analyze the obstacles hindering target achievement. The research employs a qualitative approach, with informants consisting of strategy implementers and marketing strategy experts. Data were collected systematically through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that existing marketing strategies such as socialization activities, personal selling, and collaboration with external parties still face limitations, resulting in unmet financing targets. Furthermore, the study concludes that an integrated marketing strategy based on the marketing mix framework, encompassing product, price, place, and promotion, is essential to improve the effectiveness of micro-business financing marketing and support target achievement.

Duck farming plays an important role in supporting small and marginal farmers in Kerala. However, the sector remains highly exposed to market-related risks that affect income stability of farmers. This study aims to analyze the extent of market dependence and seasonal demand fluctuations in duck farming and analyses the challenges arising from these factors. The study was conducted in Kottayam district of Kerala. A total of 50 duck farmers were selected using the simple random sampling method for the study. Primary data were collected through a structured interview schedule and secondary data were collected from government reports and relevant academic studies. The findings of the study reveal that dependence on intermediaries, limited access to markets and uneven income from seasonal demand increase farmers’ vulnerability to market risks. To strengthen the efficiency of the sector, the study suggests strategies targeted at improvement of  market access, strengthening of cooperative marketing, promotion of seasonal market planning, and enhancement of financial support to duck farmers.

This study examines the effect of digitalization on the financial reporting quality of 38 quoted manufacturing companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group between 2019 and 2024. Using 228 firm-year observations, results show that higher digital adoption significantly reduces reporting lag by an average of 18 days, decreases restatements by 0.12 per year, and increases IFRS compliance scores by 6.21 points and transparency scores by 1.34 units. Regression analysis confirms that digital tools such as ERP, AI, blockchain, and cloud-based platforms enhance timeliness, reliability, and disclosure completeness at a 5% significance level. Primary qualitative evidence indicates that automated internal controls, real-time error detection, and structured governance notes further strengthen reporting quality. Challenges including infrastructural limitations, cybersecurity concerns, and uneven adoption moderately affect outcomes. Overall, digitalization is a critical driver of accurate, timely, and transparent financial reporting, contributing to investor confidence and corporate accountability in emerging economies. The findings underscore the strategic role of digital technology in improving corporate governance and operational efficiency in Nigerian manufacturing firms. The study recommends that firms should accelerate adoption of digital tools such as ERP, AI, and cloud reporting to improve timeliness and accuracy of financial reports.