Throughout history, human beings have organized the environment they live in according to their own purposes and wishes. However, when the changes made in the environment are made by using vegetation, relaxing, relaxing and eye-caressing spaces have emerged. Especially in hot countries, due to the climate, pools, small streams, fountains have added diversity to these areas and caused the formation of beautiful gardens. The size of the gardens, the choice of location, the materials used and the types of plants have become prestigious and showy and have gained an important dimension over time. As desires have changed, the structure of gardens, the materials used and the areas emphasized have varied from country to country. This article is being investigated how garden art has developed throughout history in various cultures and what has influenced it.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) strategies on sugarcane yield and productivity in Nepal. The trial was conducted during 2020-2021 at the National Sugarcane Research Program, Jeetpur, Bara. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 12 weed management treatments, including various herbicides, plastic mulching, intercropping, and hand weeding. The results showed that plastic mulching was the most effective treatment, yielding 122.44 t/ha, significantly reducing weed density, and improving plant height and millable cane count. Similarly, the combination of Atrazine + Metribuzin (Pre) followed by 2,4-D (Post) produced high yields of 107.05 t/ha and 107.31 t/ha in both years, demonstrating strong weed control. These results confirm that minimizing weed competition through effective management strategies can promote optimal sugarcane growth, improving yield and overall productivity. The study highlights the crucial role of efficient weed management in enhancing sugarcane farming in Nepal.

An experiment entitled “Effect of Planting Dates on Growth and Yield of Sugarcane in Subtropical Region of Nepal” was conducted during 2021-2022 at the National Sugarcane Research Program, Jeetpur, Bara, Nepal. The objective of the experiment was to quantify the effect of different sowing time on the growth and yield of sugarcane genotypes. To conduct experiment, the split-plot design was used with two sugarcane genotypes namely Co-0118 and Co-86032 as main plots and six sowing dates (from mid-November to mid-April in an interval of one month) as sub-plots. The results revealed that genotype Co-86032 consistently outperformed Co-0118 in terms of cane yield. The cane yield of Co-86032 was 74.04 t/ha and 104.61 t/ha in 2021 and 2022, respectively whereas the cane yield of Co-0118 was 55.59 t/ha and 86.69 t/ha. Among the sowing dates, mid-November planting produced the highest yields, with Co-86032 yielding 116.63 t/ha and Co-0118 yielding 88.29 t/ha, followed by mid-February planting, which yielded 109.82 t/ha and 84.01 t/ha, respectively. Delayed planting beyond mid-February significantly reduced yields, with Mid-April planting producing only 68.85 t/ha for Co-86032 and 54.35 t/ha for Co-0118 in 2021. This study reflects that mid-November planting was found appropriate for higher cane yield irrespective of sugarcane cane genotypes.

Estimation of genetic parameters and interrelationships between traits assessed through the genetic and phenotypic variation among the genotypes provides a way for crop/trait improvement. Twenty genotypes including checks (Hardinath-1 and Chaite-5) were evaluated for eight traits in an alpha lattice design with three replications at the National Rice Research Program, Hardinath in the spring season of 2024. The analyzed result revealed variation among the genotypes from studied traits was due to inherent nature and genetic background. The studied genotypes matured in less than 125 days. The early maturity is a crucial trait in spring season rice which facilitates following main season rice cultivation in Nepal. The high-yielding genotypes IR 17A 3012, IR 17L 1368 and Hardinath 1-10 could get notified directly as a variety or applied in breeding programs. The high GCV, PCV and ECV values were recorded in filled grains per panicle, grain yield per ha, tillers per hill, and thousand-grain weight suggesting the genotypes have diverse genetic backgrounds and could be selected for further trait enhancement in the breeding program. The highest broad sense heritability was recorded for maturity days (0.89), heading days (0.88), plant height (0.74), and thousand-grain weight (0.66) indicating a high response to selection of particular traits merely governed by genotype and less influenced by environment. High heritability coupled with high GAM was recorded for thousand-grain weight (0.66, 24.31) indicating the trait was under the control of additive gene action and that direct selection of these traits would be effective for crop improvement. Positive and strong associations between grain yield per ha with heading days and maturity days at both genotype and phenotype levels and with filled grains per panicle at the genotypic level indicate grain yield dependent on independent variables (phenological and filled grains per panicle) in spring season rice. Thus, trait selection based on variability and association helps to select potential varieties or parent lines applicable in the spring rice breeding program.