This study examined the role of assessment in improving accountability and quality education provision. The study was guided by four research questions and four null hypotheses. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. The population of the study was 400 respondents comprising 176 lecturers of the faculty of education, school of education and school of adult and non-formal education of the two federal higher institutions of learning on one hand and 224 lecturers of the faculties of education of the two state higher institutions of learning on another hand all in Rivers State. The entire population of 400 was taken as a census for the study. A self-structured 16-items questionnaire titled “role of assessment in improving accountability and quality education provision” was used for data collection. The research instrument was subjected to face and content validity by two experts: one in the field of adult education and one in the field of measurement and evaluation. The instrument was subjected to a test of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha method. Reliability coefficient value of 0.82 was obtained in the instrument. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and Z-Test to test hypotheses. It was found out that those saddled with the responsibility of providing education are not adequately accountable. The study also revealed that assessment will improve accountability and the provision of quality education. The paper, therefore, concludes that assessment is a necessary requirement for accountability and provision of quality education.  The study therefore recommended, among other things, that government and heads of institutions of learning should provide mechanism for the assessment of the processes of teaching and learning.