Psychological Interventions Enhancing Social Support for Breastfeeding Mothers in Bulawayo Clinics: The Roles of Counselling and Community Psychologists
Breastfeeding is critical for maternal and child health, yet rates in Bulawayo remain suboptimal due to psychosocial barriers including stress, low maternal confidence, and weak social support. Current healthcare systems often neglect integrated psychological and community-based interventions. This study examined psychosocial challenges hindering breastfeeding practices and determined how integrated counselling and community psychology interventions can strengthen social support systems in Bulawayo clinics. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory and Cohen and Wills' Social Support Theory, this qualitative study adopted an interpretivist philosophy and multiple case study design. Purposive sampling selected 20 breastfeeding mothers, 10 healthcare providers, and 5 counselling psychologists from Bulawayo clinics. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, and analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework. Two themes emerged: psychosocial challenges hindering breastfeeding, with subthemes of psychological distress and low self-efficacy, cultural beliefs and misconceptions (particularly intergenerational transmission of colostrum avoidance), and weak social support networks creating a "support vacuum". The second theme identified integrated interventions strengthening social support, including counselling psychology interventions addressing individual psychological needs, community psychology interventions reducing social isolation, and integrated collaborative approaches combining both strategies. Novel findings include the intergenerational transmission of harmful cultural beliefs and recognition that neither counselling nor community interventions alone are sufficient. Breastfeeding mothers in Bulawayo face significant psychosocial challenges requiring comprehensive support. Integrated counselling and community psychology interventions addressing both individual and systemic factors are essential but currently unavailable. Integrate counselling psychology services into routine maternal healthcare, establish community-based peer support networks, implement culturally sensitive education engaging elders and develop integrated intervention frameworks with adequate funding and training.
