This study examines the governance gaps and compliance challenges in industrial pollution control within Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. Despite established regulatory frameworks, persistent environmental degradation continues due to systemic weaknesses in enforcement and monitoring. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys (N=400) and qualitative interviews (n=20), this research assesses institutional weaknesses, evaluates compliance mechanisms, and analyzes community risk perceptions. Key findings reveal that 68% of respondents perceive enforcement as inadequate, while only 42% of inspected facilities meet effluent standards. Regression analysis indicates governance transparency significantly predicts compliance (β = 0.41,p < 0.01). The study contributes to environmental governance literature by integrating institutional analysis with community perspectives, offering policy recommendations for strengthening regulatory autonomy, enhancing monitoring transparency, and incorporating local reporting systems.