Gastrology, often synonymous with gastroenterology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on the structure, function, and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It encompasses the study of organs such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. With gastrointestinal diseases among the leading causes of morbidity and healthcare expenditure globally, the need for early diagnosis and novel treatment approaches is paramount. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the GI system, common disorders, diagnostic tools, and recent advancements in the field.