This contribution examines the neurobiological and ontogenetic bases of emotion regulation. It analyzes individual differences in emotional temperament, influenced by both internal factors and early experiences, with particular attention to interactions with the caregiver. It delves into the importance of the concept of attachment in affective development, the consequences of its disruption, the role of parental affective attunement, and the evolution of the mentalization process. It emphasizes how these processes impact brain development and emotion expression, advocating for a multidimensional approach in analyzing emotional phenomena and processes.