This research critically examines the patterns and dynamics of gross human rights violations perpetrated against civilian populations within the context of the ongoing Anglophone Crisis in the Manyu Division, South West Region Cameroon. Framed within International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Human Security Theory, and applying the Civilian Targeting in Armed Conflict perspective, the research scrutinizes how both state and non-state armed actors deliberately target, coerce, and exploit civilians in ways that violate the protections guaranteed under the Geneva Conventions. The study situates these abuses within the broader context of asymmetric warfare, where violations are often strategically motivated to achieve political, military, or economic objectives. Using a qualitative, analytical methodology, data was drawn from semi-direct interviews conducted from the months of march to may 2025 with affected civilians in Manyu Division and supplemented with secondary sources including published works, reports, and archival materials. These findings reveal, that civilian targeting is shaped by a combination of structural and strategic drivers. Structurally, state fragility and weak rule of law, civilian perceived neutrality, civil disobedience and the role of informants contribute to heightened risks. Strategically, operational efficiency, propaganda and narrative control, economic cohesion through the sale of basic commodities, and punitive retaliation against expression of opinions further sustain the cycle of violence. In practices, armed actors employ economic and manipulative socio-operational tactics such as ransom demands, the use of vigilante groups, exploitation of personal relationships (dating and courtship) as well as direct physical violence and psychological warfare through intimidation and deterrence. This act has resulted in mass displacement, destruction of properties, loss of livelihood and severe humanitarian security and socio-economic consequences. By focusing on a relatively under researched conflicts in central Africa, the study contributes to existing scholarships in two significant ways: it broadens the empirical base of civilian targeting literature by providing evidence from Manyu Division, and it refines theoretical models by showing how socio-political factors such as vigilante involvement, informants dynamics and personal relationships interacts with broader military strategies to intensify civilian harms. This study concludes that the ongoing violations constitute serious breaches of IHL and calls upon the international community to act decisively, through diplomacy, enforcement of legal norms and cohesive measures to end hostilities and strengthen civilian protection mechanisms in the region.