The poultry industry has performed a leading role worldwide, and reproductive efficiency is an important economic factor in poultry production. However, various physiological factors adversely affect the ovarian function of laying hens, such as environmental, hormonal, genetic, disease, and immune factors. Environmental stress impairs hen’s health by reducing feed intake, body weight, egg production and follicle development rate. Nutritional toxicity, excessive nutrient absorption, and obesity are serious issues in poultry production. Extensive research has linked overfeeding to chicken ovarian dysfunction, including oviduct inflammation, prolapse, erratic oviposition, and defective egg syndrome. Various poultry diseases such as Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and coccidiosis cause huge production losses. The Newcastle disease causes the highest percentage of mortality in both domestic and wild birds, resulting in substantial economic losses. Hence, managing drinking water sanitation, chicken body weight, flock uniformity, and reproductive function (follicular growth and maturation) can decrease the risk of stress-associated metabolic diseases. To increase the sustainability of the egg industry, the current review paper's objective is to explore the physiological aspects that have a detrimental impact on chicken ovarian function and their potential mitigation techniques.