Aquatic ecosystems, encompassing rivers and lakes, serve as critical habitats supporting diverse microbial communities crucial for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Seasonal changes in certain environmental factors greatly influence the microbial communities in these aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this research was to evaluate the seasonal variation of bacteria and fungi isolated from rivers and lakes. A total of forty-two water samples were collected in triplicates from seven (7) water bodies randomly selected from each town representing the seven (7) Local Government Area in Anambra Central Senatorial District. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from these samples using standard isolation techniques. The isolates were identified phenotypically through morphological, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. All the generated data were statistically analysed using SPSS software version 22. A total of two hundred and sixty-six (266) isolates were recovered from the samples. Bacteria isolates represent 241(90.60%) of the total number of microbial isolates compared to the fungi isolates 25 (9.40%). The characteristics of the studied bacteria suggests the identities of the bacteria to be Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Typhi. The characteristics of the fungi colonies represent that of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans etc. Our data demonstrated a seasonal variation in the occurrence of bacteria across all sample location with high percentage occurrence recorded for rainy season than dry season although the observed variation was not statistically significant at p-value > 0.05. Various seasonal dependent socioeconomic activities could lead to the depletion of water quality, and thereafter changes the seasonal ecology of the rivers.

Purpose: The basic motive of business is earned profit and increase per value of shares for investors. It’s possible when the pioneers (Management of business) invest the funds in efficient ways, otherwise, the business may go to liquidation, bankruptcy, or insolvency. So, in the study the researcher find out the guidelines of good corporate governance on investment efficiency. The corporate governance segregated into two parts: In a board structure includes board independence, board size, board meeting while in Audit structure includes audit quality, audit committee independence, audit committee meetings. Methodology: In this study adopted a descriptive research design. For this research selected a 530 observation for the periods from 2010-19. In this study secondary source of panel data were used to collect the data. Quantitative data was analyzed by employing descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Matrix and Two-Step System GMM from Social Science (Stata) version 12. Finding: In this study revealed the positive and significant coefficient 0.1890 (p=0.000) effect of Board Independence that adding some independent directors to the board may increase the investment efficiency of firms. The Negative and significant coefficient – 0.0035 (p=0.014) of board meetings with investment efficiency prevails that arranging quarterly, and yearly does not impact investment efficiency in developing countries. The negative and significant coefficient -0.0129 (p=0.000) of Board Size prevails that a lesser board size would be more effective in reducing problems with free riders, communication breakdowns, monitoring issues, and shortcomings. To put it briefly, managing a firm effectively requires a focus on quality above quantity may increase investment efficiency. The negative and significant coefficient -0.4136 (p=0.029) of Audit committee Independence and Investment efficiency prevails that audit committee independence closely monitors the financial reports and detects management misappropriations. The lessor in size may easily and quickly monitor the financial reports with suggestions for the betterment of investors and other stakeholders. The positive and significant coefficient 0.0069 (p=0.000) of Audit Committee Meeting and Investment Efficiency prevails that meeting of the audit committee may enhance the investment efficiency. It may be quarterly, or twice a year reduces problems in financial reporting. The positive and coefficient 0.0680 (p=0.000) of Audit quality and Investment Efficiency prevail that 4 big firms when audited a company, and then they may enhance the quality of investment efficiency. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: In this study, the researcher find out the impact of guidelines of good corporate governance in manufacturing sector listed in Pakistan Stock exchange. In order validate the result more; free cash flow theory has been adopted in manufacturing sector of Pakistan.

This study was designed to investigate ICT acceptance and adoption as predictors of information use environment among secondary school students in newly upgraded state universities Southwest, Nigeria. Survey research design was employed for the study, the population size consisted of 337 students of Senior Secondary School One (SSS I) using total enumeration sampling technique. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection; seven research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated for this study. Output format of SPSS based on simple frequency count, percentage distribution, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and multiple regression were used for data analysis. The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant relationship between ICT acceptance and Information Use Environment as well as a significant relationship between ICT adoption and Information Use Environment. Information sources and information services mostly used are electronic dictionaries, electronic books, educational softwares and internet, mobile phone and television while mobile phone, internet, television and social media respectively are the mostly used ICT resources for information among secondary school students in newly upgraded state universities in Southwest, Nigeria. The location of their information use environment are their homes, school library or school resource centre as well as the parents’ offices for academic and entertainment purposes. The major identified problems in the use of information environment are: instability of network services, that is, internet connectivity, information overload, ineffective use of technology, unstable power supply. Part of the recommendations made was that that Government should ensure that ICT policy statements are translated into reality; school management should invest in custom-made digital materials with highly relevant content suitable for secondary school students. These will cub the abuse/ misuse of internet.

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has necessitated advancements in wireless communication protocols to ensure efficient and reliable connectivity. This comprehensive survey explores the evolution, features, challenges, and future prospects of wireless communication protocols tailored for IoT networks. The survey begins with a historical overview, tracing the development from early protocols like Infrared (IR) communication and Bluetooth Classic to modern standards such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Thread, and LoRaWAN. Advancements in these protocols, including improved data rates, lower power consumption, and enhanced security measures, are thoroughly analyzed. Emerging trends such as edge computing integration, AI and machine learning in communication, blockchain-based security, and quantum communication are discussed to highlight the evolving landscape of IoT network communication. The survey also addresses challenges such as security vulnerabilities, scalability limitations, and interoperability issues that current protocols face. Furthermore, real-world case studies across industries such as industrial IoT, smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes demonstrate the practical implementations and benefits of these protocols. Therefore, this survey provides valuable insights for researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers, along with recommendations for future research directions aimed at addressing current challenges and fostering innovation in wireless communication protocols for IoT networks.

This study explores the intricate realm of integrating cyber-physical systems (CPS) with wireless communication protocols to enhance the capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The research focuses on simulating wireless communication within IoT networks, placing significant emphasis on critical factors such as signal strength, interference, and propagation models. By employing advanced simulation tools like OMNeT++, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted on various communication protocols, including Zigbee and LoRa, with a thorough analysis of their performance metrics. One of the primary objectives is to understand the impact of signal strength and interference on the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication in diverse IoT scenarios. Through meticulous experimentation and simulation, the study aims to uncover insights into how these factors influence the overall performance of IoT systems. Additionally, the research investigates the optimization strategies for wireless communication protocols, particularly in the context of CPS integration, to enhance the functionality and resilience of IoT applications. The findings from this study hold significant implications for the future development and implementation of IoT technologies. By gaining a deeper understanding of CPS integration and wireless communication optimization, practitioners and researchers can design more robust and efficient IoT systems capable of meeting the complex demands of modern applications. This contributes to advancements in IoT technology by addressing key challenges related to communication reliability, signal integrity, and overall system performance. Ultimately, the research paves the way for the evolution of smarter and more interconnected IoT ecosystems that benefit industries, communities, and individuals alike.