This essay constitutes an initial attempt to decipher early patristic views on animals by critically examining the responses of five eminent early Christian thinkers to the man-beast references contained in Ecclesiastes 3: 18-21: Thaumaturgus (213 – 270 AD), Didymus the Blind (313 – 398 AD), Chrysostom (347 – 407 AD), Jerome (347 – 420 AD), and Augustine (354 – 430 AD). Salient patterns of interpretation are identified and discussed in comparative terms contrasting ancient Hebraic and conventional biblical views with early patristic views as needed. Overall, the general finding here is that most of these early Christian thinkers (save Augustine) were heavily inclined not to interpret these verses contextually nor in Qoheleth’s own terms nor within the range of ancient Hebraic theology and cosmology. Instead, they tended to substitute Qoheleth’s terms with their own and rewrite verses to arrive at entirely different meanings, concluding that Qoheleth was contrasting righteous human beings with depraved, wicked, sinful, or faithless people, not animals per se. The general patristic view was that since animals are not rational, differ in language and speech, and don’t have souls, among other key differences, life for them terminates on earth, access to the afterlife denied. Significantly, these claims about animals were made largely without a comprehensive exploration of other biblical texts pertinent to the issue of animal afterlife.

This work is involved inorganic impurity profile in drugs and in biopharmaceuticals : according FDA and EMA for chemical Drugs are Adopted theesholds, below this value they not require identification as mandatory. In order To eliminate pirogen In the production of WIFI water (for injiectable) are used also activate carbon filter and FDA consider this product as a possible source of inorganic impurity. But for Injectable water production to test the quality is required Conductivity measure and Toc total organic carbon assay. In this way WIFI water can be considerdc safe because with this analisys it is possible to exclude both inorganic and organic impurity. In biopharmaceutical purification steps are used also composite material filter (some producer use activated charcoal) and this materials can in teory exfoliate graphite and graphene in mechanical way. (Graphene is a good conductor of elettricity and it is classify as inorganic.) In the final vials of biopharmaceuticals is not requested conductivity test. For chemical drugs there are regulatory requirement for global impurity : if the test show results below the fixed thresholds no more action is required. (no needed identification) , genotoxicity and cancergenicity evalutation are also performed. For biotech product there are not fixed limits for all inorganic molecule (only suggested), instead fixed for elemental impurities and residual solvents : regulatory rules report a responsability of the producer for actions. There are guideline ICH for preclinical study of mutagenicity and cancerogenicity. Aim of this work is to analyze the conductivity and TOC testing role for WIFI water production and its meaning in PAT and to discuss about the need to verify also below thresholds adopted or suggested for molecule like graphene for the drugs substantie produced. In this study are reported various commercial products , but it is not intent of the authors to put in relationship the profile of impurity of the final product using this with any toxicological aspects : this are only reported for a pure Material science purpose.

The significance of stocking density emerged with the development of industrial animal agriculture, where economical use of floor space became a common strategy to increase meat production per unit area. Skillful adjustment of stocking density is crucial, as excessively high density can reduce carcass quality, while too low density can result in economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the carcass traits of three strains of broiler chickens reared at two stocking densities and fed commercial diets. A total of 432 one-day unsexed chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3×2 factorial arrangement, with three strains (Arbor Acre, Cobb-500, and Marshall) and two densities (16 and 18 birds/m2), each with three replicates. The experimental period lasted 56 days, during which carcass traits, proximate analysis of major muscle parts, and the correlation of live weight to carcass traits were evaluated. The results indicated a significant main effect (p<0.05) of strain on live weight (LW), with Marshall weighing more than Arbor Acre, and Arbor Acre weighing more than Cobb-500. Live body weight decreased with increasing density. Furthermore, there was an interaction between strain and density, with a higher weight associated with Arbor Acre x 16 birds per m2, Cobb-500 x 18 birds per m2, and Marshall x 16 birds per m2 compared to the other densities. In terms of bled, plucked, and eviscerated weights, as well as carcass cut parts and giblets as percentages of LW, no significant effects (p>0.05) of strain, density, or strain * density interaction were observed in any of the traits. The results showed strain-dependent differences in live weight (LW), with Marshall being the heaviest, followed by Arbor Acre and Cobb-500. Stocking density affected LW, favoring 16 birds per m2. The interaction between strain and density further influenced LW, showing varied effects across strains and densities. Carcass cut parts and non-carcass parts as percentages of LW were not significantly affected by strain, density, or their interaction. However, proximate composition parameters such as moisture content (MC), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ash were significantly influenced by strain, density, and their interaction. Arbor Acre exhibited the highest MC and carbohydrate (CHO) contents, while Cobb-500 had superior CP and ash levels. Marshall generally showed intermediate values across parameters. Correlation analyses revealed complex relationships between live weight, carcass traits, and offal components, varying with strain and stocking density. Notably, certain correlations were consistent across strains and densities, suggesting underlying physiological associations. In conclusion, this study underscores the nuanced effects of strain and stocking density on carcass traits and nutritional composition in broiler chickens. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing production practices and ensuring desirable meat quality in commercial broiler operation.

Aim: The parameters of the laser-used cavity preparation and roughening procedures are important for their effects on hard tissue. We aimed to analyze the in vitro ablative and etching effect of the Erbium Chromium, Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser on the human dentin using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), comparing six different laser parameters in this study. Materials and Methods: Seven non-carious, sound-extracted human third molar teeth were used. To abrade the teeth and expose the dentine, a diamond bur was used. The laser was applied to the dentin surface of the teeth with 1–6-Watt (W) power, and a tooth was left for control. All examples were evaluated with a SEM. Results: SEM observation of the irradiated dentin showed that different energy parameters did not give the same results because of the presence of induced alterations (microcracks, melting, flakes) resulting from the thermal effect. It was observed that the effect created by using 1-2 W created indentations similar to chemical etching. Hard tissue ablation was also observed at 4-5 W parameters, and tissue melting and crack formation was observed at 6 W parameters. Since the study focused on morphological changes, statistical analysis was not performed. Conclusion: Lower energy levels (1-2 W) are advised for etching, while higher levels (4-5 W) are suggested for cavity preparation in dentin. Avoidance of energy levels exceeding 6 W is recommended. Further studies with increased variables and sample sizes are needed on this topic.

Thirty-three species of plants falling into 27 families were encountered. All these belonged to the Angiosperms clade except the shade plant Cycas revolute of the family Cycadaceae which is a Gymnosperm, All the plant species were categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as least concern, except the Combretaceae Conocarpus lancifolius which was categorized as near threatened. The wild flora included 9 species belonging to 7 families. Twelve families of flowers and roses with a number of varieties were grown to perform a dual function beauties and availing nectar for butterflies and honeybees. Five species of vegetables belonging to five families were grown. Arthropods species included 2 Dipterans, 4 Lepidopterans, 8 Hymenopterans, one Blattodea, 3 Orthopterans 2 Odonata, 1 Hemipteran, 1 Isopteran, 2 Arachnids Araneae. Three amphibian Sclerophyrus spp., were seen during autumn. Reptiles found included 2 Scincidae, one Lacertidae, one Gekonidae and one Psammophisidae. Six species of cactus were grown as ornamental plants. Resident bird species included 1 Passeridae, 1 Pycnonotidae, 3 Laridae. The Rock Pigeons are daily victors, Blue-naped Mousebird and Glossy Starling are seasonal visitors. The Black Kite, Namaqua Dove, Carmine Bee-eater, Abyssinian Roller, were seen several times whole The Yellow-bellied Sunbird, Hoopoe and Red-billed Firefinch were seen few times. Abdim's Stork was seen once. The wild mammals found were 2 species of Muridae, 1 Erinaceidae, 1 Herpestidae and 2 Molossidae.