This study assesses the influence of opinion leaders on rural communication during the COVID-19 vaccination and Lassa fever prevention campaigns in Benue State. The study was anchored on the Two Step Flow theory. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised the entire rural dwellers in Benue State. Multistage sampling technique was used to draw 24 participants for the study. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used to elicit information from participants using Focus Group Discussion Guide. Data for the study were analyzed using inductive thematic approach. Findings have shown that, majority of rural dwellers got information about COVID-19 Vaccination and Lassa fever prevention from opinion leaders, such as church leaders, teachers and traditional rulers. It was also found that, opinion leaders had influence on rural dwellers’ compliance and participation in COVID-19 vaccination and Lassa fever prevention campaigns, despite some perceived resistance and hesitancy. Most rural dwellers were influenced by opinion leaders to improve their personal hygiene and food safety habits, but were not certain whether to refrain from eating bush rats or not. The study also found that opinion leaders are effective in rural communication campaigns in Benue State, irrespective of their message exaggerations and lack of credibility. The study concludes that opinion leaders are influential in rural communication for development campaigns in Benue State. The study recommends among others that development experts, government and private development partners should engage opinion leaders in development communication campaigns, especially those targeted at rural communities, as they complement mass media channels in achieving significant goals of social change.

This research offers a brief understanding of the study’s goals in examining defense mechanisms within the framework of the societal norms. Through a psychoanalytic lens, this research explores the complex network of defense mechanisms presented in Emily Bronte’s masterwork, Wuthering Heights. Through an analysis of the defense mechanisms employed by the characters in the novel, the study seeks to shed light on domestic violence. This analysis explores the defense mechanisms of important characters by referencing psychoanalytical Freudian ideas. This research aims to dissect the psychological underpinnings and complexities of the characters’ defense mechanisms, shedding light on their internal conflicts, trauma, and subconscious coping strategies through close textual analysis and an in-depth examination of character behaviors and motivations. Furthermore, the goal of this study is to highlight the contextual and sociocultural aspects that support the adoption and development of defense mechanisms inside the story.

The rapid advancement of technology has brought about transformative changes in various aspects of society, including governance. This paper delves into the realm of public governance in the context of Nepal, exploring the potential of technology and digital transformation to promote transparency, accountability, efficiency, and citizen engagement. The overarching goal is to assess how these advancements can contribute to the country's socio-economic development and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The role of technology in public governance is examined, emphasizing its ability to enhance transparency through open data initiatives and facilitate accountability mechanisms. Moreover, the paper discusses how digitalization can streamline administrative processes, leading to increased operational efficiency and improved service delivery. The concept of citizen engagement is also highlighted, elucidating how technology can bridge the gap between citizens and government, allowing for greater participation and input in decision-making processes. This paper explores the background and context of Nepal's public governance in the context of applying technology and digital transformation to promote good governance. Nepal, as a developing nation, faces unique challenges in its governance systems, necessitating innovative approaches to enhance public services, transparency, and accountability. The paper reviews the current state of technology adoption, the challenges and opportunities in implementing digital transformation initiatives, and highlights successful case studies from the region. Furthermore, the paper offers policy recommendations to harness the potential of technology for better public governance in Nepal.

The pension system in Nepal is crucial for providing social security and financial stability to its elderly population. Nevertheless, this current system encounters substantial challenges such as demographic changes, insufficient funding, and operational inefficiencies. This abstract emphasizes a thorough proposal aimed at restructuring the Nepalese pension system to improve its sustainability and effectiveness. The suggested reform underscores a multifaceted strategy. Initially, it proposes a reassessment of pension eligibility criteria, progressively elevating the retirement age to accommodate growing life expectancies and alleviate pressure on pension funds. Additionally, the reform advocates transitioning from the existing pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system to a partially funded model, enabling judicious investment of pension funds for increased returns. This entails the creation of an autonomous pension fund management authority to guarantee transparency and accountability in investment choices. Moreover, the reform proposes the introduction of an automatic adjustment mechanism tying pension benefits to inflation and wage growth. This measure serves to prevent the erosion of pension values over time and preserves the purchasing power of retirees. Furthermore, the reform tackles the coverage issue by suggesting the expansion of pension benefits to workers in the informal sector, thereby extending the scope of social security. In conclusion, the abstract underscores the importance of a strong regulatory framework to govern the revitalized pension system. This framework would encompass oversight, risk management, and regular evaluations to guarantee the sustainability of the system and its adaptability to changing economic conditions.

The literature review article highlights the challenges in language acquisition and proposes a shift from traditional teaching methods to a corpus-based approach. Corpus-based teaching, which presents several advantages for learners, underscores the necessity for further research to refine language learning methodologies.

The waste problem is not only the responsibility of the central government, but local governments play an important role in how efforts must be made to manage waste at the regional level. The purpose of this study is to see how the efforts made by the Kebumen district government, Indonesia in solving the waste problem in the region. this research method is carried out with a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques using observation and in-depth interviews with agencies in Kebumen Regency that are responsible for waste management. The Environment and Forestry Service of Kebumen Regency is responsible for the existing waste problem. The findings of this research are several efforts that have been made starting from making regional regulations related to waste management in the Kebumen district and also collaborating with existing stakeholders, including the private sector, the community, and academics. In addition, it also builds public awareness regarding how waste becomes a serious problem if it is not managed properly. The obstacles faced are divided into two, namely internal obstacles and external obstacles. Internal constraints include 1) Lack of budget; 2) Lack of coordination between local government agencies; and 3) Lack of public awareness. As for external constraints, including; 1) Urbanization; and 2) industrial and service activities in urban areas.

In the contemporary era, social media has evolved into a fundamental aspect of our daily lives, shaping global connectivity, communication, and information consumption. This article explores the multifaceted impact of social media on modern society, delving into both its opportunities and challenges. Examining the historical development of social media platforms, we uncover the transformative journey that has led to the interconnected digital age we inhabit today. The influence of social media extends beyond individual interactions to shaping public opinion, cultural paradigms, and economic landscapes. It serves as a virtual space where individuals worldwide share thoughts and experiences, fostering interconnectedness. However, this digital evolution has introduced challenges, including the proliferation of misinformation and privacy concerns. As we explore the economic benefits, global communication opportunities, and cultural impacts of social media, we recognize its transformative potential. Social media platforms contribute significantly to economic growth, innovation, and global connectivity. Yet, challenges such as misinformation and privacy risks must be addressed to ensure responsible practices and promote societal well-being. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of the profound influence of social media on various aspects of contemporary life. Through an exploration of its historical evolution, societal impacts, and the duality of opportunities and challenges, we navigate the intricate web of virtual connections that define our interconnected world.

In today's quickly evolving job and educational scenario, striking a healthy work-life balance is becoming more and more crucial. The purpose of this project is to investigate the variables affecting students' work-life balance and to determine the best machine learning methods for doing so. At Hannam University in South Korea, 231 students participated in a survey that produced a dataset with 59 characteristics. The dataset was cleaned up, and its size was reduced, using data preparation techniques. The top 15 relevant characteristics were determined using the SelectKBest feature selection method. Using performance criteria including precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy, three classification algorithms—Logistic Regression, Balanced Random Forest Classifier, and Neural Network—were trained and assessed. The findings showed that work-life balance was highly impacted by variables such place of residence, number of majors, time spent in college, and weekend class attendance. The Neural Network performed best among the methods, demonstrating how well it can forecast work-life balance based on the discovered features. In order to create interventions and policies that support a better balance between academic and personal duties, stakeholders in the education and employment sectors would benefit greatly from understanding the implications of these findings.

Work-life balance is important to maintaining a sustainable balance between student study and work life. There are various positive factors associated with it like it increases the productivity of students and reduces the mental pressure on the student. In this research, we aim to find out the factors which affect the student's work-life balance and predict the work-life balance with the help of Machine learning algorithms. The dataset was collected by taking a survey of the students of Hannam University. After that SelectKBest algorithm finds the most crucial factors in predicting the student work-life balance. Three machine learning algorithms are used Balanced random forest classifier, logistic regression, and neural network. To evaluate the performance, metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score were used. The result shows that the SLB_3 was the most important factor, and the neural network performed best among all, with an accuracy of 83%. On the other hand, logistic regression and balanced random forest classifier have got an accuracy of 80.85% and 72.34%, respectively.

This research article examines the notion of study-life balance, specifically focusing on students at Hannam University. This text explores the difficulties that students encounter when trying to manage their academic obligations alongside personal pursuits, extracurricular engagements, and leisure activities. The study emphasizes the influence of maintaining a balance between academic pursuits and personal life on the levels of stress experienced by students and their overall state of well-being. It underscores the necessity for implementing techniques that assist students in attaining a more harmonious equilibrium between their academic pursuits and personal endeavors. The report also examines the transition to remote learning and remote work as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the balance between studying and personal life. The objective of the study is to comprehend the correlation between work-life culture and its influence on individuals, particularly students and educators. The methodology entails employing SPSS to examine the hypothesis of the advantages of work-life culture.

The study aims to explore the effectiveness of various learning strategies and their implications for improving student engagement, comprehension, and critical thinking skills. A comprehensive review of literature, including empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, was conducted to gather relevant information. The findings reveal that a wide range of learning strategies have been employed in English literature education. These strategies encompass both traditional and innovative approaches, including close reading, literary analysis, collaborative learning, and the integration of technology. The effectiveness of these strategies was evaluated based on student outcomes, such as improved reading comprehension, critical thinking, and appreciation for literary works. Close reading emerged as a prominent strategy, emphasizing careful analysis and interpretation of literary texts. By engaging students in a deep exploration of language, structure, and themes, close reading fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of literature. Additionally, collaborative learning approaches, such as group discussions and peer feedback, were found to enhance student engagement and facilitate the development of critical thinking skills. The integration of technology in English literature education has also shown promising results. Digital resources, virtual reality simulations, and online platforms provide opportunities for interactive and immersive learning experiences. Technology-supported activities promote active student participation, encourage exploration of diverse perspectives, and enable personalized learning experiences. However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges associated with the implementation of learning strategies in English literature education. Issues such as limited access to technology, the need for professional development, and the potential for information overload require careful consideration. Educators must address these challenges and provide necessary support to ensure equitable access to resources and effective implementation of learning strategies. Therefore, this research highlights the importance of employing diverse learning strategies in English literature education. Close reading, collaborative learning, and the integration of technology have demonstrated positive impacts on student engagement, comprehension, and critical thinking skills. Educators should consider adopting these strategies, while also addressing the associated challenges, to create an enriching and effective learning environment for students in the field of English literature. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these strategies and their implications for student achievement and motivation.

This study investigates the role of church music in fostering community building and spiritual unity within multicultural congregations. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining surveys, in-depth interviews, and participant observations in five diverse Christian churches. The research aimed to understand how musical practices contribute to social cohesion and shared spiritual experiences across different cultural groups. The results reveal three key factors that enhance unity in multicultural worship settings: (1) a diverse musical repertoire that reflects the cultural backgrounds of the congregation; (2) participatory music-making, where congregants actively engage in singing and playing instruments; and (3) culturally responsive worship planning, in which worship leaders intentionally incorporate music that resonates with the spiritual and cultural identities of their communities. These elements were found to bridge cultural divides, promoting a sense of belonging and collective worship. In addition, the study highlights the importance of inclusive musical leadership, where music ministers are sensitive to the cultural nuances of their congregations and foster an environment where all members feel represented. This approach not only strengthens the communal bonds within the church but also enhances the spiritual engagement of its members. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for church leaders, musicians, and worship planners seeking to cultivate unity in increasingly multicultural congregational contexts. By prioritizing diverse and participatory musical practices, churches can build more inclusive and spiritually unified communities.

This study examines the integration of digital tools in church music education programs, exploring how technology is reshaping traditional methods of music teaching and learning within religious contexts. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected over 12 months from 50 churches across various denominations in the United States, involving 500 survey participants, 50 in-depth interviews, and observations of 20 music education sessions. The findings reveal that 78% of churches have adopted at least one form of digital tool, with music notation software (65%) and mobile apps for music theory (58%) being the most commonly used. Generational differences were observed, with younger members showing higher enthusiasm for digital tools, while older members initially expressed skepticism, although 62% reported positive experiences after use. The use of digital tools was found to improve teaching efficiency (73%) and increase student engagement (68%), leading to a 25% rise in music literacy rates among congregants. However, challenges such as implementation costs, technological literacy, and concerns over preserving traditional worship practices were identified. The study concludes that while digital tools offer significant benefits, successful integration requires balancing innovation with tradition to enhance, rather than replace, the communal and spiritual aspects of worship music. Future research should explore the long-term impact of these tools on church music traditions and the potential of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence in music composition.

Christian education plays a vital role in shaping faith, values, and witness within the church, yet it faces growing challenges in pluralistic and urban contexts. Batam, Indonesia—a rapidly developing city marked by religious diversity and cultural hybridity—provides a unique setting for exploring how Christian Religious Education (CRE) engages with pluralism while remaining faithful to the Gospel. This study investigates the theological foundations of Christian education in Batam, focusing on how biblical principles, pedagogical strategies, and contextual realities intersect in schools and churches. Using a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected from three Christian schools through interviews with teachers, administrators, and students, as well as classroom observations and document analysis. Findings reveal that Christian education in Batam is consistently grounded in the authority of Scripture, the centrality of Christ, and the empowering work of the Holy Spirit. These theological foundations guide educators in fostering a resilient Christian identity that affirms faith particularity while cultivating respect, empathy, and dialogue with religious others. The pluralistic environment, rather than threatening Christian education, provides opportunities for intercultural learning, interfaith understanding, and contextual theological reflection. Educators employ dialogical pedagogies and contextual approaches that integrate urban theology, enabling students to connect faith with everyday realities such as migration, inequality, and coexistence. While challenges remain—particularly regarding secularism, consumerism, and sensitive interfaith dynamics—the Batam experience demonstrates that pluralism can enrich Christian education when engaged theologically. This study contributes to broader discussions on religious education in pluralistic societies, highlighting the transformative potential of Christian education to embody reconciliation, justice, and hope in complex urban contexts.