This study examines the attitudes of kindergarten teachers in the Arab society of Northern Israel’s Triangle region (the Palestinian interior) toward integrating artificial intelligence (AI) applications into effective early childhood education. The focus is placed on assessing teachers’ skills in utilizing these technologies, analyzing related data, and evaluating the availability of supportive infrastructure for successful technological integration. The study adopted a descriptive survey method, with data collected from a purposive sample of 70 teachers, representing a population of 486 teachers in the Northern Triangle region. A questionnaire was employed, divided into three main dimensions: AI strategy, AI data, and infrastructure.

The findings revealed generally positive attitudes toward the use of AI applications, with statistically significant differences in the data dimension according to academic qualification and years of experience. Teachers holding a master’s degree or higher, as well as those with ten or more years of experience, outperformed bachelor’s degree holders and less experienced teachers in skills related to data analysis and its application in digital education. However, no significant differences were recorded in the strategy and infrastructure dimensions, reflecting the shared impact of institutional and training factors.

The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen the digital infrastructure in early childhood education institutions and to provide specialized training programs for teachers to enhance their ability to employ AI technologies. It also emphasizes the importance of developing digital data analysis skills as a key factor in improving effective educational outcomes in early childhood settings.

Post-mining land in the form of a former pit (void) is one of the environmental legacies of open-pit tin mining that, if properly managed, can be transformed into a productive asset. This study analyses the economic value of utilizing void water from the PT Timah Tbk tin mine, Pemali Unit, Bangka Regency, as an energy source for a Micro-Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) to support the energy sustainability of surrounding communities. A quantitative-descriptive approach was applied, combining primary data (water-quality testing, field observation, and a purposive-sampling questionnaire of the affected community and mine employees) with secondary data (climate records, company documents, and PLN electricity tariffs). Technical calculations show that the void, covering 55.43 ha with a reliable discharge of 1.1145 m³/s and an effective head of 13.5 m, can generate 112.17 kW of power, or 982,632 kWh of energy annually, enough to supply approximately 600–800 households. Economic feasibility was assessed with the extended Net Present Value (extended NPV) method covering direct and external benefits and costs from 2009 to 2025 at a discount rate of 5.82%. The results show a direct benefit value of Rp20,550,110,104, a direct cost value of Rp15,506,962,790, an external benefit value of Rp822,466,682, and an external cost value of Rp767,635,570, producing a positive total economic value of Rp37,647,175,146, indicating that the plan is financially and environmentally feasible. Socially, 92.5% of respondents supported void utilization for PLTMH, 89.2% expected a stable electricity supply, and 56.8% expected increased income, confirming that the project can strengthen community energy independence while restoring the ecological function of the mined-out void.

This study presents an improved, dynamic input validation framework that marries client-side structural preprocessing with an integrated server-side middleware gateway layout to secure GraphQL-driven enterprise environments. Modern API ecosystems increasingly adopt GraphQL to replace rigid REST implementations; however, its structural flexibility introduces unique security hazards, payload validation complexities, and exposure to resource-exhaustion Denial-of-Service (DoS) vectors. Traditional server-side validation solutions often fail to inspect deep, multi-tiered relationships dynamically before the query hits core resolver code. By merging constructive and object-oriented design methodologies, we comparatively benchmarked this improved framework against standard GraphQL implementations across several operational conditions. Empirical results reveal that the proposed model yields a 40% reduction in error rates, a 40% optimization in network bandwidth usage, a 50% decrease in overall request parsing time, and a 30% elevation in total transaction throughput without degrading systemic data integrity. In alignment with the study's objectives, this research provides significant contributions to knowledge in the domain of GraphQL optimization by offering an adaptable and efficient input validation architecture capable of handling high-complexity queries while securing the system against injection attacks and data inconsistencies. The findings indicate that the proposed model not only strengthens system security but also enhances scalability and response times, proving its applicability to high-traffic environments. This research sets a foundation for future studies aimed at refining input validation strategies within evolving API technologies.

This paper presents the Blockchain subsystem of SecureExam Chain, a multi-modal online examination proctoring platform that integrates deep-learning-based fraud detection with a tamper-resistant audit ledger. The blockchain layer is implemented on a private Ethereum network using Solidity smart contracts, deployed via the Hardhat development framework, and interfaces through MetaMask-authenticated browser sessions. Two purpose-built contracts govern the system: ExamSystemsol, which manages role-based identity, exam life cycle and fraud history; and FraudLog.sol, which provides gas-optimised, privacy-preserving, immutable log of AI-generated fraud events. We describe the full contract architecture, state variables, function signatures, access-control modifiers, event schema, cryptographic privacy scheme, and deployment pipeline. The design ensures that no personally identifiable information (PII) is stored on-chain; instead, keccak256 hashes serve as verifiable integrity anchors that any third-party auditor can confirm without exposing raw student data.

One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histomorphology. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (0.30, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 g/L) of Erythrophleum suaveolens on the histology of gills and liver of mixed sex of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A total of 120 C. gariepinus juveniles were exposed to the acute concentrations of the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the two organs (gills and liver), i.e. histopathological alterations increased with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, severe necrosis and desquamation of secondary lamellae and severe necrosis of primary lamellae, while the liver indicated necrosis of hepatocytes, congestion and swelling of the intratubular spaces. Structural alterations were evident in the gills and liver of C. gairepinus juveniles exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of E. suaveolens.

The Italian territory is characterized by a significant historical stratification. The past, subdivided into its various epochs, has released and rendered visible the manifold expressions through which the different ethnic presences have defined the environment in the diverse regions in which the peninsula is fractioned. Etruscans, Romans, and Longobards (among others) have handed down tangible signs of their permanence in settlement terms and  connected to manifestations and activities contextual and representative of the reference period. This paper takes into consideration four archaeological areas, of which three are in the Lazio region and one is in Lombardy, following the solicitations deriving from three recently published articles, whose contents inform on technological applications and new discoveries in the archaeological ambit. The analysis of the sites resumes the orientation followed in literature, translated into the different interpretative approaches suggested by historians and archaeologists within the specific editorial context.