Traditional cardiovascular risk assessment often relies heavily on lipid panels and symptomatic presentation. However, a significant cohort of patients remains at risk despite maintaining "normal" cholesterol levels. This case report discusses a 72-year-old male with a history of myocardial infarction (2019) who presented with a paradoxical profile: stable, normal lipid parameters but a critical Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score exceeding 1000. The subsequent discovery of high-grade stenosis and successful intervention via Coronary Angiogram (CAG) and stenting underscores the necessity of non-invasive calcium scoring. This report argues for the broader integration of CAC scoring as a regular diagnostic tool, not only for the elderly but as a proactive screening measure for younger adults to intercept early-stage atherosclerosis.

Aim. The aim of this study was to conduct a Doppler study of arterial and venous hemodynamics in young patients with various types of cervical headache.

Materials and Methods. Sixty-five patients (38 women, 27 men) aged 18-35 years with headaches secondary to cervical spine instability were studied. Two groups of patients were identified: those with cervicocranialgia (CCA) and those with posterior cervical sympathetic Barré-Lieou syndrome (BLS).  The time-averaged maximum blood flow velocity (TAMX) indices were studied in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA), anterior cerebral arteries (ACA), posterior cerebral arteries (PCA), vertebral arteries (VA), and basilar arteries (BA). The state of venous hemodynamics was studied with the study of maximum blood flow velocity (Vmax) in the vertebral veins (VV), basal veins (BV) of Rosenthal, and straight sinus (SS).

Results. Generalized vasospastic reactions predominated in the group of patients with CCA. The development of BLS in the overwhelming majority of cases was due to vasospasm in one VA, as well as a combination of vasospasm in the BA and one VA. In most cases, patients with CCA had impaired venous hemodynamics. Increased blood flow in the BV and SS was predominant. The greatest changes in blood flow velocity parameters in patients with BLS were observed in the VV; these changes were most often unilateral and associated with asymmetry in Vmax along the VV. Analysis of the obtained data suggests the presence of Doppler signs of cerebral venous dyshemia in the majority of patients with CH. Blood flow parameters in the VV proved to be the most informative.

Conclusions: Headache in cervicocranialgia is associated with diffuse changes in hemodynamics in the arteries of the vertebrobasilar basin, VV and SS. In patients with Barré-Lieou syndrome, regional changes in arterial hemodynamics were observed in the form of local vasospastic reactions in the VA and BA, as well as, to a lesser extent, local venous disorders, mainly in the VV. Examination of patients with cervicogenic headache should include mandatory Doppler ultrasound examination of the arterial and venous links of cerebral and vertebral blood flow.

Over 80% of school-age children worldwide and 60–90% of children with primary dentition suffer from dental caries, which continues to be a major global health concern. Poor dental hygiene in early childhood can cause discomfort, stunted growth, and a lower standard of living. Effective educational strategies are vital because parents have a significant influence on children's oral health behaviors, particularly during the early developmental years. However, the long-term efficacy of conventional oral health education techniques like lectures and printed materials is frequently found to be limited. The use of game design elements in non-gaming contexts is known as gamification, and it has become a cutting-edge strategy to boost engagement and encourage healthy habits. With an emphasis on its use through mobile health (mHealth) platforms, this review examines the function of gamification in oral health education. A thorough search for studies published between 2010 and 2023 was done using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC databases. The review focuses on important gamification components that increase motivation and adherence to oral hygiene practices, such as goals, rewards, feedback, and social interaction. A number of gamified apps, such as Brush DJ, Pokémon Smile, and Colgate Magik, are designed mainly for kids and use interactive and entertaining features to help them brush their teeth more effectively. To assess long-term efficacy and broaden the application of gamification in comprehensive oral health education and behavioral modification, more excellent research is required.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality in India, with 25% of all heart attacks occurring in individuals under 40. Traditional risk assessments frequently fail to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic young populations. The integration of non-invasive Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) scoring into routine health check-ups offers a highly sensitive method for objective risk stratification. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical utility of integrating non-invasive CAC scoring into routine annual wellness screenings for early risk detection. Methods: This retrospective clinical audit analyzed records of 150 participants undergoing comprehensive voluntary health screenings at a tertiary institution in Puducherry. Demographic data and categorical CAC severity levels were evaluated using SPSS v.26. Spearman’s rho, Mann-Whitney U, and Chi-square tests analyzed relationships between age, gender, and plaque burden (p < 0.05). Results: The cohort showed a male predominance (62.7%). Zero calcification was present in 31.3% (n=47) of participants, whereas 56.7% (n=85) presented with moderate-to-severe scores. A total absence of participants in the minimal (1–10) range indicated established rather than nascent plaque burden at presentation. Extensive calcification (CAC > 1000) was noted in 17.3% (n=26). Chronological age positively correlated with CAC scores (r_s = 0.42, p < 0.001), and males displayed significantly higher median scores than females (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the 60+ age group  strongly predicted extensive calcification (χ2= 12.4, p < 0.001; OR: 3.2). Conclusion: Routine CAC scoring provides critical diagnostic clarity for premature CVD risk assessment. The complete absence of nascent plaque alongside a high prevalence of advanced calcification reveals that clinical presentation for routine screening often occurs after significant disease progression, reinforcing the need for earlier clinical screening protocols.

Introduction: Accidental hypothermia in pre-hospital care (PHC) worsens the prognosis of victims of trauma and environmental exposure, forming part of the "Lethal Diamond" of trauma (hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypocalcemia). Despite its severity, simple preventive measures—such as thermal protection of the head—are frequently neglected in clinical practice. Objective: To review the pathophysiological underpinnings, clinical impact, and prevention strategies for accidental hypothermia in PHC, with an emphasis on the critical role of head protection. Methods: This is a narrative literature review involving searches across the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, as well as an analysis of international guidelines (PHTLS, ERC, WMS), prioritizing publications dated between 2010 and 2025. Results and Discussion: Heat loss in PHC occurs rapidly through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. The head—due to its rich vascularization and lack of significant cold-induced vasoconstriction—acts as a critical zone for heat dissipation; it can account for up to 50% of radiant heat loss when the rest of the body is insulated. The early use of ground insulation, vapor barriers, and head coverings interrupts heat loss, thereby preventing hemodynamic and hemostatic deterioration. Conclusion: Preventing hypothermia in PHC is more effective and feasible than attempting its delayed reversal. Thermal protection of the head is a low-cost, high-impact clinical intervention that should be systematically incorporated into initial care protocols to improve patient survival.