Road management strategies, as a key component of road preservation and an essential part of road management asset programs, is not only carried out to enhance the physical condition of the road infrastructure, but also to ensure that roads can support mobility, safety, and socio-economic development in the region. Limited financial resources for road management programs hinder the optimal management strategies of all road segments in a region.This study evaluates the effectiveness of road management strategies using the Provincial / Kabupaten Road Management System (PKRMS) method and identifies priority road segments through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The research integrates the PKRMS approach with a questionnaire-based AHP analysis to identify priority road segments requiring management and to determine suitable management strategies.  The AHP criteria employed in this study consist of regional development, road condition, traffic volume, policy, accessibility, land use, and economic aspects. The study was conducted on five road segments in Palembang, namely Jalan Sultan M. Mansyur, Jalan Noerdin Pandji, Jalan MP. Mangkunegara, Jalan Pangeran Ratu – Pasar Induk – Sp. Jalan Pendidikan, and Jalan Lettu Karim Kadir (Gandus) – Bts. Kab. Banyuasin. The results reveal that, based on the AHP method, Jalan Noerdin Pandji (Palembang) is identified as the highest-priority road segment. Furthermore, the PKRMS analysis indicates that the most appropriate management strategy for this segment consists of routine maintenance (PR) and routine condition maintenance (RK).The results showed that the first priority with the highest value of 0.679 in the road management was for Jalan Noerdin Pandji (Palembang) and requires managements such as routine maintenance and condition-based routine works, with a total management cost of IDR 4,572.03 million.

This work numerically evaluates urban aerosol optical properties using OPAC 4.0 across 0.4–0.8 µm wavelengths, focusing on insoluble (INSO), soot (SOOT), and water-soluble (WASO) components at 0% and 50% relative humidity (RH). Fifteen aerosol models were developed with five concentration gradients per component. The Ångström exponent ( ᾳ a ) systematically decreases with increasing INSO (1.376-1.273) and increases with SOOT (1.376-1.386) and WASO (1.376-1.433). A critical non-linear hygroscopic response was identified: α increases from 0% to 50% RH at low WASO concentrations but decreases at high concentrations due to hygroscopic saturation and coarse-mode transition. Phase function forward scattering enhances with RH, most pronounced for WASO (1.626-1.785). MODIS validation across ten countries shows OPAC-derived ᾳa  (1.27-1.43) matching anthropogenically influenced regions (Germany ᾳa =1.27, Ethiopia ᾳa =1.45), while extreme values (South Africa ᾳa =2.39; Egypt ᾳa =0.12) represent aerosol types beyond OPAC's urban scope.

This paper proposes skew-t copula with a time varying conditional correlation model to capture the time varying symmetric heavy-tail dependence structure among multi-asset classes, including government bonds, corporate bonds, equities, and real estate investment trusts (REITs). We provide new evidence that lower the dependence coefficients reflecting changes in the market volatility while maintaining symmetry between the upper and lower tails. The degree of joint heavy-tailed dependence among asset classes significantly increased and leading to a decline in the diversification benefit of multi-asset portfolios. Our empirical analysis shows that in terms of AIC and BIC, symmetric skew-t copula fits data of multi-asset classes better than to conventional time varying elliptical copulas and static t-copulas. Furthermore, out-of-sample analysis shows that considering a symmetry of heavy-tail behavior improves the expected shortfall (ES) estimation accuracy and enhances the performance of minimum-ES portfolios. The findings emphasize that capturing time-varying symmetric heavy-tail dependence is essential for accurate risk assessment and effective portfolio management.

A versatile workbench is essential in carpentry, as it transforms tasks into meaningful, engaging work that fosters both efficiency and a deeper passion for the craft. This study developed a Mobile Instructional Workbench to address the need for a flexible and instruction-oriented workshop facility in technical and vocational education. The workbench was designed to enhance instructional delivery and hands-on workshop activities through features such as a detachable whiteboard, power tool mounting board, waste collector, safety mechanisms, and instructional components, all aimed at improving teaching effectiveness and learner engagement. A developmental–descriptive research design was used. The developmental phase included planning, design, fabrication, assembly, testing, revision, and final evaluation, while the descriptive phase assessed functionality and acceptability. The respondents consisted of thirty experts, including ten woodworking teachers, ten TVET trainers, and ten industry practitioners. Data were gathered using a validated researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Results showed that the workbench had fast and efficient setup and an effective waste collection system that promoted a clean and safe working environment. It was rated highly acceptable in terms of design, durability, stability and safety, and maintainability, indicating that it is structurally reliable, safe, and easy to maintain. A user manual was also developed, covering assembly, operation, safety, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Overall, the Mobile Instructional Workbench is a functional, safe, and highly acceptable instructional tool for technical-vocational education.

Natural gas-based ammonia (NH₃) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) (often referred to as blue ammonia), has become a high-profile candidate fuel and hydrogen carrier in the road to a net-zero energy system. The critical review summarizes peer-reviewed literature and grey-literature sources published in the period 2010 to 2024 to offer a comprehensive, evidence-based evaluation of the processes involved in the production of blue ammonia, its lifecycle greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, techno-economic performance, and future applications in power generation, in maritime shipping, and in industrial decarbonization.

Three major production pathways are discussed, which are steam methane reforming (SMR) using post-combustion capture of CO2, autothermal reforming (ATR) using pre-combustion capture, and partial oxidation (POX). Results of lifecycle assessment (LCA) of 42 primary studies show that, at CCS capture rates of 85-95% blue ammonia emits 0.48-1.83 kg CO₂-eq per kilogram of NH₃ compared to 1.93-2.41 kg CO₂-eq/kg of conventional grey ammonia and 0.03-0. In the techno-economic analysis, blue routes cost USD 320-620 per tonne of NH₃, and is bracketed between grey ammonia (USD 200-350/t) and the present green ammonia (USD 580-1200/t). The feasibility of blue ammonia hinges on three parameters, namely the natural gas price, CCS capture efficiency and methane slip along the supply chain, the last of which can negate lifecycle emission savings by 30-60 percent when upstream leakage rates are over 2.5.

Applications that have been examined are co-firing in power plants, direct combustion in gas turbines, cracking to hydrogen in fuel cells, and direct use as a maritime fuel as required by IMO decarbonization regulations. The review outlines five crucial research and policy gaps and suggests an ordered agenda of blue ammonia as a transitional low-carbon fuel by 2050.

Reducing distribution losses in low-voltage networks remains a key operational priority for PT PLN (Persero) ULP Alas. This study investigates the effectiveness of distribution transformer tap optimization and grounding system reinforcement as a combined approach to improving voltage quality and reducing technical losses. The transformer tap was adjusted at Distribution Substation AL114 from position 5 (19.0 kV) to position 3 (20.0 kV) to align secondary voltages with the nominal 400/230 V standard, thereby decreasing conductor current and mitigating energy losses. In addition, a grounding system installation was implemented to enhance system stability and reduce voltage fluctuations. Following these improvements, the end-voltage on the Low Voltage Network (LVN) increased from 202 V to 217 V, resulting in an energy-loss reduction of 2.973 kW, equivalent to IDR 2,990,505 in cost savings. The results confirm that transformer tap adjustment combined with proper grounding implementation provides a practical and effective method for improving voltage regulation and overall distribution system performance.