Background: Bibliometric analyses in biomedical research often treat diseases as homogeneous entities, overlooking internal heterogeneity. In extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), diverse anatomical manifestations are typically aggregated, potentially obscuring structural imbalances in knowledge production. This study introduces the concept of anatomical bias, referring to systematic disparities in research attention and visibility across anatomical sites. 

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 3,963 Scopus-indexed publications on EPTB from 2000 to 2025. Publications were classified into seven anatomical categories. Analytical approaches included co-citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence, thematic evolution, collaboration network analysis, and ordered logistic regression to assess citation-based outcomes. Bibliometric impact was measured using normalized citation scores and journal prestige indicators. 

Results: The distribution of research output was highly skewed, with lymphatic (59.5%) and skeletal (17.7%) tuberculosis dominating the literature, while other anatomically significant forms each accounted for less than 6%. Knowledge structures were centered on disease-level themes such as diagnosis, treatment, and HIV co-infection, with anatomical topics remaining peripheral and weakly integrated. Regression analysis showed no significant citation advantage for dominant anatomical sites (OR=0.967), indicating that their prominence is driven by publication volume rather than higher impact. In contrast, international collaboration (OR=2.701) and larger author teams (OR=1.806) were strong predictors of higher citation outcomes. 

Conclusions: Anatomical bias in EPTB research is structural rather than performance-based, reflecting disparities in research attention and visibility rather than intrinsic scholarly impact. These findings highlight limitations of aggregated bibliometric indicators and support the need for anatomy-sensitive evaluation frameworks in heterogeneous biomedical fields.

Background: High dietary sodium intake is a primary driver of hypertension in India, where discretionary salt use is significantly elevated. Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS) are effective for blood pressure reduction but are often limited by the metallic aftertaste of potassium chloride (KCl). This pilot study evaluated the palatability of a 50/50 NaCl-KCl blend fortified with Magnesium chloride and Calcium chloride among a South Indian population.

Methods: A double-blind, randomized crossover sensory evaluation was conducted with 30 participants (N=30, median age 24 years) in Puducherry. Participants evaluated two variants (standard table salt and a 50/50 NaCl-KCl blend) using a 9-point Hedonic scale across four domains: salt intensity, bitterness, metallic perception, and overall palatability. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test.

Results: The 50/50 NaCl-KCl blend achieved a median Overall Palatability score of 7 (IQR 6–8), categorizing it as "Moderately Liked" to "Very Much Liked." While the substitute showed a statistically significant increase in perceived bitterness (p=0.045) and metallic perception (p=0.038) compared to common salt, these sensory shifts did not adversely impact global acceptance. Salt intensity remained comparable to standard salt (p=0.082). Furthermore, 72% (n=21) of participants expressed a high likelihood of adopting the blend for daily home cooking.

Conclusion: A 50/50 NaCl-KCl formulation fortified with Magnesium and Calcium chlorides is a palatably viable strategy for sodium reduction. The additional minerals appear to function as sensory masking agents, mitigating the off-notes of potassium. This multi-mineral approach represents a culturally appropriate intervention for hypertension management in the South Indian context.

One of the most frequently obnoxious fishing practices in Nigeria water bodies is the indiscriminate use of toxic plant materials in catching fish, Lawsonia inermis leaves extract has been a potent fish poison used by artisanal fishermen. There is dearth of report on the toxic potential of I. inermis on the physiology of T. zillii. This study investigated the 96hr, acute toxicity of L. inermis leaves and its consequences on the haematological and biochemical parameters of Tilapia zillii fingerlings in a static bioassay. Definitive concentrations of 0.00 (control), 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 g/L of I. inermis extract were used. Ten fingerlings (n=10) were stocked in each of the experimental tanks. The 96hr LC₅₀ of L. inermis on T. zillii was 0.38 g/L. With the exception of the significant alterations (p<0,05) in white blood cells count, there was no significant changes (p>0.05) in the levels of other haematological parameters (packed cell volume, red blood cells, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and differential counts) compared with the control. There was a significant concentration dependent elevation in the levels of biochemical parameters; alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins and lactate dehydrogenase relative to the control. The result of the present investigation revealed that crude leaves extract of I. inermis has detrimental effects on survival, haematology and biochemistry of the T. zillii fingerlings. The use of I. inermis to harvest fish in aquatic systems should, therefore, be discouraged.