Tuberculosis treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol achieves high cure rates but carries hepatotoxicity risks (2-28% globally) and nephrotoxicity, necessitating biochemical monitoring. C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as a potential treatment response biomarker, yet longitudinal data from sub-Saharan Africa remain limited. This study characterized biomarker evolution during standard anti-TB treatment in Cameroon. Prospective cohort studyof 45 HIV-negative pulmonary TB patients at Jamot Hospital, Yaoundé (March 2023–September 2025). Participants received WHO-recommended 2HRZE/4HR regimen. CRP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were measure datbase line (M0), month 2 (M2), and month 6 (M6). Friedman test with Bonferroni- corrected post-hoc comparisons evaluated longitudinal changes. All 45 patients completed treatment; 95.6% achieved microbiological cure. Median CRP declined 50% from baseline to treatment completion (48→24 mg/L), with no change during intensive phase (M0-M2) but significant reduction during continuation phase (M2-M6, p<0.001). No severe hepatotoxicity occurred (0% with ALT >100 U/L); median ALT decreased 31% (26→18 U/L). AST/ALT ratio increased progressively (0.75→1.51), indicating mild rifampicin-induced enzymaticad aptation without clinical sequelae. Creatinine stability confirmed renal safety. Blood urea nitrogen exhibited marked variability, reflecting heterogeneous nutritional status. Systematic CRP monitoringat M0, M2, and M6 provides cost-effective treatment response assessment in resource-limited settings. This first Cameroonian evaluation of longitudinal CRP kinetics demonstrates feasibility of biomarker-guided TB management. Future studies should validate findings in HIV-coinfected populations.

Digital medication systems are widely adopted to improve medication safety, yet their effectiveness varies substantially across healthcare settings. This study develops a hierarchical Bayesian counterfactual framework to quantify global and context-specific causal effects of digital medication systems on medication error propagation across sequential care pathways. Medication processes are modeled as structured causal networks linking prescribing, verification, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. Results demonstrate a significant global reduction in cumulative error propagation under digital exposure; however, pronounced heterogeneity is observed across institutions. Three distinct causal regimes emerge: digitally aligned environments achieving comprehensive error attenuation, partially aligned settings exhibiting mediation-dependent improvements, and misaligned systems showing negligible response. Upstream medication processes account for the majority of safety gains in aligned institutions, while downstream effects depend on workflow coherence and organizational readiness. Nonlinear threshold behavior reveals that meaningful benefits arise only after critical alignment levels are reached. These findings reposition digital medication systems as context-sensitive structural modifiers rather than universal safety solutions and highlight the necessity of precision implementation strategies tailored to local sociotechnical conditions.

Physicochemical characterization of Coulaedulis oil was carried out using chemical analysis methods recommended by the Association Française des Normes (AFNOR) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The chemical profile of fatty acids in C. edulis oil was defined by gas chromatography.

The seeds of this plant have a medium oil content, and its acid value is within the Codex Alimentarius standards. Its iodine value is similar to that of semi-siccative oils. The saponification value of C. edulis seed oil is comparable to that of edible oils such as soybean, peanut and cotton. Depending on the value of its refractive index, this oil is classified as semi-siccative, like olive oil.

C. edulis oil contains a very high level of monounsaturated fatty acids, as its oleic acid content exceeds that of olive oil (Oleo europeae). This plant therefore needs to be industrially exploited, as it has great economic potential.

The International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) represent a legally binding framework designed to ensure global health security by requiring Member States to detect, assess, report, and respond to public health emergencies. However, the efficacy of this framework is fundamentally dependent on the awareness, knowledge, and applied competency of healthcare professionals across diverse sectors. This systematic review synthesizes recent literature (2020–2026) to evaluate the current state of IHR 2005 proficiency among healthcare workers globally. Findings indicate a significant "implementation gap": while general awareness of  IHR 2005 has increased following the COVID-19 pandemic, deep technical knowledge and applied competency remain suboptimal, particularly in resource-limited settings and at ground border crossings. Key predictors of competency include professional qualification, years of experience, and participation in specialized training programs like Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs). The review concludes that integrating IHR 2005 standards into national health policies and medical curricula is essential for bridging the gap between global policy and frontline practice.

The pharmaceutical evolution of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDS) has shifted from basic nicotine replacement therapies to complex, multi-layered platforms delivering high-potency analgesics, hormones, and CNS-active agents. As "drug-device combination products," transdermal patches demand a rigorous characterization framework that satisfies both Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) documentation and the strict bioequivalence (BE) mandates of the US FDA. This manuscript provides an extensive technical exploration of Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), ranging from mechanical adhesive performance—evaluated through peel, tack, and shear testing—to biopharmaceutical flux evaluation using human cadaver skin models. We detail the practical execution of In Vitro Release Testing (IVRT) and In Vitro Permeation Testing (IVPT), emphasizing the "weight of evidence" approach necessary for generic product approval. Furthermore, the report addresses formulation complexities such as drug crystallization, cold flow, and the impact of chemical enhancers on skin barrier disruption. By synthesizing current regulatory guidance, laboratory examples (e.g., Fentanyl, Lidocaine), and troubleshooting strategies, this text serves as a definitive roadmap for pharmaceutical scientists aiming to align formulation rheology with skin permeation kinetics.

Background: In the South Asian "Thin-Fat" phenotype, traditional obesity markers may underrepresent metabolic risk. Objective: To evaluate the predictive strength of BMI for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in a pilot sub-cohort of hypertensive patients. Methods: A focused analysis was conducted on 30 hypertensive patients (n=30) selected from a larger Pondicherry-based dataset. HOMA-IR was calculated, and linear regression was used to determine the predictive value of BMI. Results: The mean BMI was 28.4 ± 4.2 kg/m² and mean HOMA-IR was 2.8 ± 1.1. BMI demonstrated a strong positive correlation with HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Regression analysis indicated that BMI accounted for 38.4% of the variance in insulin resistance (R² = 0.384). Conclusion: Even in a small pilot cohort, BMI remains a robust predictor of insulin resistance in South Indian hypertensive patients, supporting its use as a primary screening tool in resource-limited clinical settings.