Introduction: Menopause is associated with physiological changes that lead to reduced fitness, impaired balance, increased fatigue, and diminished quality of life. Aerobic exercise represents a safe, non-pharmacological intervention to counteract these effects.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a six-week aerobic exercise on fitness, balance, fatigue, and quality of life in postmenopausal women.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 100 postmenopausal women aged 45–60 years randomly to experimental (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. The experimental group received structured aerobic exercise (Progressive Step Marching Exercise) three times weekly for six weeks. Outcome measures included the 30-second chair stand test, seated medicine ball throw test, sit and reach test, berg balance scale (BBS), Fatigue severity scale (FSS), and Menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire (MENQOL). Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks.

Results: At 6 weeks, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements compared to the control group in all fitness parameters (p<0.05) and fatigue reduction (p=0.026). The physical domain of MENQOL also improved significantly (p=0.003), while total quality of life scores showed no significant difference between groups (p=0.248).

Conclusion: Aerobic exercise effectively enhances physical fitness, balance, and reduces fatigue in postmenopausal women. While domain-specific quality of life improvements was observed, overall quality of life may require longer intervention duration.

The current study analyses the problem of the inappropriate mastery of the English Language by Francophone primary school pupils upon graduation. In fact, it has been remarked that primary school leavers have very low proficiency in English contrary to the objectives and expected results outlined in the English syllabus. Data were collected from 851 pupils in 12 Government Practising Primary Schools (GPPS), added to the researcher school and classroom observations. Data were analysed using a two-step approach: some data from questionnaires and observations were analysed using the descriptive statistical method, non-statistical data were organised in terms of emerging themes. Findings show that regardless of motivation, pupils leave primary schools with inappropriate reading, writing, speaking, listening and grammar and vocabulary skills in English. The problem lies, inter alia, on the wrong management of the pupils’ sociolinguistics and environmental backgrounds; teachers training and proficiency in English; inappropriate teaching methods/approaches and the classroom process as well as inadequate infrastructural settings for ELT[1] and ELL[2]. The study therefore recommends a socially-adapted and culturally-responsive approach  for teaching English to Francophone primary school pupils in Cameroon. [1] ELT: English Language Teaching [2] ELL: English Language Learning

This study investigates the relationship between environmental cost disclosure and corporate sustainability of quoted oil and gas companies in Nigeria from 2019 to 2025. Using a quantitative research design with secondary data obtained from company annual reports, sustainability disclosures, and financial statements, the study examined environmental expenditures, regulatory compliance, and corporate sustainability indicators to assess their impact on financial and environmental performance. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were employed to test the hypotheses. Findings reveal that firms with higher environmental cost disclosures, including pollution control, remediation, and community development expenditures, demonstrated improved financial performance and enhanced environmental sustainability. Correlation results show strong positive relationships between environmental cost disclosure and corporate sustainability (r = 0.77), regulatory compliance and environmental reporting (r = 0.68), and quantified environmental expenditures and financial resilience (r = 0.74). Regression analysis further confirms that environmental cost disclosure significantly predicts corporate sustainability outcomes, indicating that transparent reporting aligns environmental responsibility with long-term business objectives. The study concludes that environmental cost disclosure serves as both a compliance and strategic mechanism, strengthening stakeholder trust, corporate legitimacy, and sustainable growth. These findings provide practical guidance for managers, investors, and policymakers aiming to integrate environmental accountability into corporate decision-making.

This article examined the effectiveness of servant leadership as it is implemented in companies. This paper discussed the difficulties associated with servant leadership and the corresponding accountability requirements. This study contends that companies are struggling to incorporate the concept of servant leadership and accountability. Servant leadership, a concept introduced by Robert K. Greenleaf in 1970, signifies a fundamental change in leadership approaches by highlighting the leader's primary position as a servant. This leadership concept places high importance on the needs and growth of followers, promoting a culture that emphasises empathy, community, and ethical conduct (Asree, Zain, & Rizal Razalli, 2010).

In contrast to authoritarian leadership styles that prioritise hierarchy and control, servant leadership emphasises power-sharing and empowering people (Shekari & Nikooparvar, 2012; Goffar, 2024). The study found that servant leadership promotes team members' development and well-being. This resulted in a strong anticipation that those assuming leadership roles would demonstrate servant leadership by prioritising the needs and well-being of the people they collaborate with. Leaders in organisations often deviate from the expectations of their subordinates and others who rely on their leadership, resulting in a lack of adherence to servant leadership principles. Servant leadership and accountability are closely interconnected concepts essential to every well-functioning organisation. The theoretical study is based on the epistemological comparison and foundation of servant leadership philosophy and its principles. However, it relied on a literature review to establish its foundation, reasoning, essence, and goal to formulate its findings and conclusions. The document compiled information on researchers' perspectives on servant leadership and accountability from relevant publications, journals, and books. The article uncovered that business leaders are criticised and stigmatised for failing to practise servant leadership and accountability. The report furthermore uncovered that leaders in organisations exhibit a significant amount of arrogance and indifference after they assume positions of responsibility. The paper's conclusion advocates for enhancing and restructuring organisational policies on leadership, specifically focusing on how leaders should effectively lead and engage with the workforce or employees.

This study investigated the phenolic profile of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and evaluated its effect on selected serum hormonal parameters in rabbits. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of six major phenolic compounds with well-defined chromatographic peaks and characteristic mass fragmentation patterns. The identified compounds included guaiacol (Rt 12.45 min), zingerone (Rt 18.20 min), [6]-gingerol (Rt 24.15 min), [6]-shogaol (Rt 26.80 min), [8]-gingerol (Rt 32.10 min), and [10]-gingerol (Rt 35.45 min), confirming the richness of the extract in bioactive gingerols and related phenolics. In the biological assessment, ginger extract administration resulted in a significant decrease in serum cortisol levels in the treated rabbits (3.12 ± 0.25 µg/dL) compared to the control group (4.85 ± 0.42 µg/dL; P < 0.05). Conversely, serum testosterone levels were significantly elevated in the ginger-treated group (3.84 ± 0.31 ng/mL) relative to controls (2.15 ± 0.18 ng/mL; P < 0.01). Although progesterone levels showed a slight increase following ginger treatment (1.45 ± 0.12 ng/mL) compared to the control group (1.12 ± 0.14 ng/mL), this change was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Overall, the results demonstrate that ginger extract contains a diverse array of phenolic compounds and exerts measurable effects on stress- and reproduction-related hormones in rabbits, supporting its potential biological and pharmacological relevance.

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