This study examines the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid between vertical parallel plates, incorporating thermal radiation, non-uniform heat source/sink, and chemically reactive species. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and mass transfer account for temperature-dependent properties, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and cross-diffusion effects, with radiative heat flux modeled via the Rosseland approximation. An applied transverse magnetic field induces Lorentz forces, while the second-grade fluid model captures viscoelastic memory effects. The coupled nonlinear system is solved analytically for small oscillations using perturbation methods and numerically via a Crank-Nicolson finite difference scheme for general cases. Parametric analysis reveals that thermal radiation (Rd > 1) increases thermal boundary layer thickness by 18–25%, while Joule heating elevates temperatures by 12–20%. The viscoelastic parameter (β = 0.1–0.5) delays flow stabilization by 30–50% compared to Newtonian fluids, and chemical reactions (Da > 0.5) reduce species concentration by 15–40% while enhancing thermal stratification through reactive heating/cooling. Magnetic fields (Ha > 5) suppress velocity oscillations by 35–60%, promoting flow stability. These findings demonstrate strong coupling between radiative heat transfer, MHD effects, and reaction kinetics in viscoelastic flows, with direct implications for nuclear reactor cooling systems, polymer processing equipment, and energy-efficient thermal devices where controlled heat and mass transfer under magnetic fields are critical. The study provides a validated theoretical framework for optimizing such systems through tailored manipulation of radiative, magnetic, and rheological parameters.

Decarbonization of oil refineries has taken one of the priorities with the light of the global concerns to mitigate the consequences of climate change. One of the largest parts of greenhouse gas emission by the industry, as the oil refining sector, is heavily pressured to switch to low carbon technologies. With the particular emphasis put on introducing green electricity into the high-temperature processes, this document offers the means of doing so by decarbonizing oil refineries. In the past, this industry has been relying on fossil fuel as energy source in a process, particularly in the processes such as Distillation, cracking as well as reforming where a lot of heat is required. This is a necessary change towards more sustainable energy solutions in the curbing of the level of carbon emissions in the refinery processes. The renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and hydrogen have potential of becoming an alternative to the normal fossil fuels. Incorporation of these technologies in the refinery processes not only assists in compliance with tighter environmental standards but also helps the industry prepare for long-term success in a more and more low-carbon economy. There are technical, economic and regulations issues that refineries face in the adaptation of these new technologies but with some government incentives, industry cooperation, and the state of innovation, they should be able to overcome them. Case studies are also included highlighting the success of decarbonization strategy implementations in the refineries around the world. The use of green electricity for lowering emissions from the energy-consuming refining process is emphasized, and the possibility for energy storage and for building a hybrid system, which guarantees stable power supply is mentioned. Addressing both the environmental impacts and the operating requirements, the document presents overall vision of the way refineries of oil can develop the future, which will be more sustainable.

Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) is a modern scientific approach that ensures analytical methods are developed, validated, and maintained using a systematic, risk-based framework throughout the product lifecycle. AQbD emphasizes product and process understanding, design of experiments (DoE), and continuous improvement, ensuring quality is built into analytical procedures from the beginning. This review highlights the significance of AQbD in pharmaceutical product development, its regulatory foundation, and its role in enhancing the analytical lifecycle, scientific integrity, and overall product quality.

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) continues to be a substantial worldwide public health issue, being responsible for a broad range of illnesses that span from minor infections like pharyngitis and impetigo to severe, life-threatening invasive conditions and subsequent complications such as rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Annually, GAS causes over 18 million serious illnesses and more than 500,000 fatalities globally. RHD, a major consequence, impacts an estimated 40.5 million individuals, with sub-Saharan Africa seeing a 23% contribution to cases and a prevalence of 10.31 per 1,000. The disease burden is exceptionally high in low- and middle-income nations, including sub-Saharan Africa, where RHD is prevalent among children aged 5–14 years (5.7–15 per 1,000) and where surveillance and control strategies are insufficient. This paper reviews current publications concerning GAS throat carriage in healthy children, highlighting key socio-environmental risk factors such as a large household size (adjusted odds ratio 4.64) and a family history of pharyngitis (adjusted odds ratio 2.51), and trends in antimicrobial susceptibility, with a specific focus on Anambra State, Nigeria. In Nigerian school children, the rates of asymptomatic throat colonization vary from 3.3% to 10.6%, primarily involving non-GAS beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, worldwide meta-analyses suggest a 5.9% GAS carriage rate in low/middle-income regions, which increases to 10–24% in symptomatic pharyngitis cases. This review incorporates global and local data on GAS epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of disease, spread patterns, and the development of antimicrobial resistance. This resistance includes tetracycline resistance in 8–58% of African strains and erythromycin resistance reaching 70% in some areas. Nevertheless, penicillin maintains high efficacy, showing >95% susceptibility. The analysis identifies significant gaps in knowledge, notably the scarcity of information on asymptomatic carriage rates, the distribution of local emm types (emm1, emm12, and emm89 are globally dominant but poorly documented in Nigeria), and the mechanisms driving resistance. Filling these informational voids is crucial for enhancing monitoring efforts, establishing successful prevention and control strategies, and reducing the health impact of GAS-associated illnesses in Nigeria and comparable resource-constrained environments.

Traditional kitchen designs in rural Bali result in workers exposed to elevated temperatures and air pollution. These conditions have an impact unfatigued levels and decreased productivity. This study aims to redesign and evaluate the effectiveness of cooking stove modifications based on ergonomic and anthropometric considerations, thereby improving worker comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental quality. The study used a participatory approach involving local brown sugar craftsmen in the village of Besan, Kelungkung Bali. The experiment conducted by comparing the existing traditional stove with a modified traditional stove. The parameters measured included air temperature, humidity, lighting, air velocity, pollutant concentration (CO, CO2, HCHO, PM2.5, PM10, TVOC), and fuel consumption. The results of the study found that the modified stove had a significant impact in reducing cooking time (19.8%), increasing fuel efficiency (14.6%), reducing cumulative pollutants (0.41%), and increasing productivity (3.15%). These results indicate that an ergonomic redesign that integrated with local ethnoscience can improve occupational health and sustainable rural production systems.

Social media platforms rely heavily on centralized data storage and opaque data-sharing practices, exposing users to privacy breaches and unauthorized profiling. This paper presents a blockchain-based privacy control system that enables social media users to define, monitor, and revoke consent for data access and advertisement targeting. The system employs smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain to store user consent, manage third-party authorization, and maintain immutable access logs. A Design Science Research and Object-Oriented Analysis and Design approach guide the development of the system architecture, including user interface, smart contract layer, blockchain network, and audit dashboard. The implemented prototype is evaluated using gas usage and execution time for core operations set Consent, set Authorization, and request Access. Results show that all operations complete within milliseconds with moderate gas consumption, indicating that on-chain consent management is feasible for interactive social media scenarios. The findings suggest that blockchain can enhance transparency, user autonomy, and accountability in social media privacy management, although scalability and regulatory integration remain important directions for future work.

This research presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-based smart home lighting system, integrating enhanced security features and a user-friendly control interface. The system leverages an ESP32 microcontroller, a relay module, an LCD, and a keypad, all interconnected with cloud platforms such as Supabase for secure authentication and ThingSpeak for command relay. The system implements Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and lightweight encryption protocols to safeguard against unauthorized access. Through testing, the system achieved an average response time of 1.2 seconds, with 97% command accuracy and 99% uptime, demonstrating its reliability. User feedback highlighted intuitive navigation, secure role management, and efficient device control, although a few delays were linked to ThingSpeak’s 15-second rate limit. The study concludes that the proposed system offers a scalable, secure, and efficient solution for smart home lighting, with recommendations for latency reduction, expanded multi-device support, and the adoption of more advanced encryption protocols in future iterations.