A large number on the subject of delinquent loans have put banks and other financial organisations in Bangladesh in a precarious position, posing serious problems for the banking sector. This paper takes a look at the nonperforming loan (NPL) recovery in Bangladesh's banking system, the problems it caused, the steps taken to fix them, and the ways it could be improved. Commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, microcredit organisations, and others have played crucial roles in Bangladesh's financial sector's evolution over the years. Nevertheless, the stability of the sector and, consequently, the economic well-being of the nation are gravely threatened by the increasing nonperforming loans. There has been a concerning trend in nonperforming loans (NPLs) despite numerous initiatives, as specified by both worldwide norms and special laws set by Bangladesh Bank. Compared to regional and international standards, Bangladesh's nonperforming loan ratio to total gross loans has been substantially higher. As a result, strict recovery procedures and legislative initiatives to lower the NPL load have been required. The study demonstrates that nonperforming debts typically include a detrimental impact on a economy and financial stability due to decreased bank profitability, higher lending costs, and a limited availability of credit. Nonperforming loans (NPLs) exacerbate the problem since they encourage a default culture and economic inefficiency. The effective implementation of the various legal frameworks that have been put in place to address non-performing loans (NPLs) continues to be a concern. Finally, although Bangladesh has taken a number of steps to recover nonperforming loans, more work needs to be done to make these programmes even better. Improving the non-performing loan recovery process requires effective risk assessments, real-time monitoring, and strict legal proceedings against defaulters. This study sheds light on the present situation of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in Bangladesh and offers practical solutions to fortify the banking sector's ability to withstand NPL-related difficulties.

This study investigates the integration of circular economy (CE) principles into port operations to address waste generation and resource inefficiencies, which threaten environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative analysis of operational data from 30 global ports with qualitative insights from 50 surveys and 15 stakeholder interviews. Key findings reveal a statistically significant correlation between CE adoption and improved sustainability outcomes: a 1-point increase in CE adoption (on a 0–5 scale) correlates with a 5.2% rise in waste reduction and a 3.8 kWh/ton improvement in energy efficiency. Regional disparities highlight European ports’ superior performance (mean CE score: 4.1/5) compared to Asian counterparts (3.2/5), driven by policy frameworks like the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan. Factor analysis identifies *policy alignment* and *technological readiness* as critical enablers, explaining 32% and 28% of variance in CE success, respectively. Case studies of leading ports (e.g., Rotterdam, Singapore) demonstrate the efficacy of waste-to-energy systems, industrial symbiosis, and digital tools (AI, IoT) in achieving up to 85% landfill diversion and 20% energy savings. However, barriers such as high upfront costs (cited by 70% of respondents) and regulatory fragmentation persist. The study recommends harmonized policies, cross-sector collaboration, and investments in smart technologies to scale CE adoption. By bridging theoretical and practical gaps, this research provides a roadmap for ports to enhance competitiveness while advancing global sustainability goals (SDGs 12 and 14).

Brand management plays a critical role in building strong and lasting connections between a company and its customers. It involves the planning, development, and execution of strategies to enhance brand value, recognition, and loyalty. This review article delves into the key principles of brand management, examines the strategies companies use to manage their brands, and discusses the challenges faced in maintaining a consistent brand image. The article also highlights the importance of digital tools and customer engagement in modern brand management, providing an overview of both traditional and contemporary brand-building techniques.

Business policy and strategy are central to the success and sustainability of any organization. They guide decision-making, set the direction for growth, and determine how a company competes within its industry. This review article explores key concepts, frameworks, and applications of business policy and strategy. It examines the evolution of strategic management, highlights major strategic models, and discusses the importance of aligning business policies with strategic goals. Additionally, it explores the current trends in business strategy, including digital transformation, innovation, and competitive advantage in the global market.

Building energy performance is commonly addressed through architectural, envelope, and mechanical system strategies, while the role of structural engineering decisions remains insufficiently examined. In particular, structural form is often treated as a passive constraint rather than an active contributor to operational energy outcomes. This study investigates the impact of structural form on building energy performance through a controlled, performance-oriented comparative framework. Representative structural forms are analyzed under identical architectural, climatic, and operational conditions to isolate the effects of structural configuration and behavior. Structural response characteristics, including stiffness distribution and deformation patterns, are systematically coupled with operational energy performance indicators. The results demonstrate that structural form has an independent and measurable influence on energy demand, with cooling-related performance showing particular sensitivity to structural behavior. Forms characterized by balanced stiffness and controlled deformation consistently exhibit lower energy consumption and more uniform spatial energy distribution. The findings confirm that structural behavior mediates energy performance in a non-linear manner governed by serviceability thresholds. The study concludes that structural form should be recognized as a primary variable in energy-conscious building design, offering a structurally grounded perspective for integrated and performance-driven practice.