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Original Article75 downloads
Application of the 3D finite element method in quantitative comparison of bearing capacity of conical and cylindrical pilesPiles are structural members made of wood, concrete, steel, or other materials that are used to transfer surface loads to lower levels in the soil. This transfer is done by distributing the load along the length of the pile body or by directly transferring the load to the lower layer through the pile tip, the first case being called a friction pile and the second being called a support pile. Usually, all piles transfer the load as a combination of body friction and tip resistance, except in cases where, for example, the pile penetrates very soft soil to reach a hard bed. By having data on the bearing capacity and settlement of the pile group as well as the individual piles used in each group, the following results can be obtained: in sandy soils, as the angle of internal friction of the soil increases, the bearing capacity of single tapered piles increases to a certain extent with increasing cone angle. For single cone piles placed in sand, with increasing the angle of internal friction of sandy soil, the frictional load of the piles has always increased and the bearing load has decreased, while at the optimal angle for the total load of cone piles, the percentage of increase in the body friction load is greater than the percentage of decrease in the bearing load. For single piles placed in sand, the optimal angle of taper is in the range. For the group of piles placed in sand, with increasing the angle of internal friction of the soil, the group with the highest taper angle performs the maximum load. The efficiency of a group of tapered piles placed in sand always decreases with increasing the angle of taper. The rate of decrease in the efficiency of a group of tapered piles in sand decreases with increasing the angle of internal friction of the sand. The settlement rate of the conical and cylindrical pile group in the sand is less than the rate considered by Vesic, which is evidence of the more conservative results of this study regarding the bearing capacity of the piles.
Original Article50 downloads
Impact of ground heat exchanger use on energy usage, an analysisEarth is at great danger from likely to have been caused by clastic human activities of climate change and environmental pollution. In addition to burning huge quantities of fossil fuels to generate electricity, these greenhouse gases caused the burning due to the emission of greenhouse gases, creating climate change in addition to environmental pollutants that harm people, animals, plants, and even buildings. It turns out that several researchers have studied its possibility in using clean and green renewable energy to reduce the dependence on the use of fossil fuels. Some others thought that reducing electricity consumption would reduce this dependence. Unsatisfied with these reports, studies, and reports of international organizations have demonstrated that up to 45% of electricity is used in buildings for cooling and heating for comfort purposes. In this review study, reducing the consumption of traditional air conditioners through burying condensate in the ground will be reviewed as the number of studies regarding how to reduce electricity consumption. The study was submitted for checking experimental and practical studies in this field. As a result, researchers’ results indicate that Ground Coil Heat Exchanger systems can improve and enhance the operation of air conditioning systems and reduce the cost. When adopting such systems, the emission of pollutants formed because of fuel burning is reduced. They are such systems that can be used in Iraq, and they are better used where the temperature of land does not fluctuate.
Original Article116 downloads
Roundabout the basic element of modern road infrastructure and trafficThe use of roundabout intersections, regardless of the environment in which they are built (extra-urban, urban or rural), brings substantial benefits to road traffic. These benefits consist in improving the flow of road traffic by increasing the volume of vehicles passing through such an intersection, increasing the level of safety, decreasing the number and severity of undesirable events (road accidents). This scientific paper represents in an elegant and logical manner a research, but also a personal point of view of the authors on roundabout intersections as a basic element of modern road infrastructure and traffic. In this way, those interested can learn from the context of the work about certain interpretations, definitions, concepts, constructive elements, geometry, design concepts, dimensional values of elements, formulas for calculating capacity and the main elements influencing the capacity of vehicle throughput, classifications, characteristics, advantages, access rules, vehicle traffic rules and the stages of designing roundabout intersections. It also presents a case study of some roundabout intersections that have a special design (turboroundabout, tear-type roundabout and magic-type roundabout). Conclusions drawn on the basis of the research data are presented at the end of the paper.
Original Article99 downloads
Updating Seasonal Limits and Their Implications for Water Resource Management in the Poro and Tchologo Regions (Côte d'Ivoire)This study aims to determine the duration of rainy and dry periods in the Poro and Tchologo regions of Côte d'Ivoire with a view to better planning agropastoral activities. The data used are monthly temperatures and precipitation from 1981 to 2020 from CHIRPS and NASA POWER satellite stations. The methodology consists of conducting a statistical study of precipitation and temperatures, then drawing up the hydrological balance using the Thornthwaite approach to determine potential evapotranspiration (PET) and arriving at the water balance. Finally, the pre-humid, humid and post-humid periods were delineated using the Franquin method. The results reveal that precipitation and temperatures vary from month to month. The highest temperatures are recorded from February to May. They are lower from July to September and from December to January. Precipitation reaches its peak in August and declines sharply in December. At the end of this study, it is noted that the dry season extends from October to April, or 7 months, while the rainy season covers the period from May to September, or 5 months. Since the dry season is long, resilience measures are necessary.
Original Article83 downloads
ASSESSMENT ON THE MICROBIAL LOAD AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF ISOLATES FROM SELECTED PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) IN NIMO, ANAMBRA STATE.The microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates from selected Palm oil mill effluent in Nimo, Anambra state was assessed. Four (4) samples each of palm oil effluent were collected from some local oil palm processing sites from the study area. After serial dilution, One mililiter of 1:105 and 1:106 dilution factor were distributed into a prepared nutrient agar and sabouraud dextrose agar plates. After the inoculation, the plates were incubated for 24hours at 37ºC and bacterial count were obtained, thus 2.62 × 103 cfu/ml, 1.40 × 103 cfu/ml ,while 2.20x 106cfu and 1.52× 106 cfu/ml for fungal count for highest and lowest count respectively. Using standard colony, morphological and biochemical identification methods, the organisms were observed and recorded. A total of four bacteria isolates were identified; Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Micrococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp while Candida spp and Mucor spp were identified as the fungi. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined against the following antibiotic agents: erythromycin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (20 μg), ampiclox (10 μg), rifampicin (20 μg), amoxil (20 μg), septrin (30 μg), ampicillin (30 μg), ceporex (10 μg) and levofloxacin (20 μg). The study revealed that palm oil effluent harbor a diverse number of microorganisms which could be pathogenic and could encourage the spread of infectious disease, hence the need for the treatment of the effluent before discharging them to the environment. Also the study gives a clear understanding on the knowledge of the patterns of the antibiotics activities against the isolates. Therefore, contributes to a better understanding of possible damage that could be made to aquatic and soil ecosystem by polluted oil mill effluents, thus paves a way for developing improved preservation strategies to enhance the quality and safety of aquatic and soil inhabitants.
Original Article31 downloads
Autonomous AI Decision Systems for Resilient United States Pharmaceutical Supply ChainsU.S. pharmaceutical supply chains are increasingly exposed to disruption risks including manufacturing downtime, logistics failures, demand surges, and regulatory bottlenecks. These disruptions can propagate rapidly and result in drug shortages, delayed patient access, and elevated operational costs. This study proposes and evaluates an autonomous AI decision system that integrates real-time signals from manufacturing, inventory, logistics, and quality operations to reduce disruption detection time and accelerate recovery actions. The proposed architecture combines predictive analytics for early disruption sensing with reinforcement learning–based decision policies for adaptive response, including production resequencing, inventory rebalancing, and dynamic shipment rerouting. A bounded autonomy governance layer is incorporated to ensure that high-impact decisions (e.g., batch release exceptions, cold-chain risk decisions, compliance deviations) are escalated to human experts for validation under FDA-aligned constraints. The approach is assessed using scenario-based simulation experiments representing three common disruption categories in pharmaceutical supply chains: (i) production delays, (ii) transportation failures, and (iii) regulatory/quality constraints. Results demonstrate that autonomous decision execution improves resilience outcomes by shortening the sense–decide–act cycle, reducing stockout exposure windows, improving on-time delivery performance, and maintaining compliance through structured human-in-the-loop approval gates. The findings support a practical roadmap for deploying safe, explainable, and regulation-aware autonomy in U.S. pharmaceutical supply networks. All evaluations are conducted under controlled scenario-based simulation settings to ensure repeatability and comparability between baseline and autonomous policies.